{"id":1131,"date":"2013-01-29T20:07:20","date_gmt":"2013-01-29T18:07:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=1131"},"modified":"2013-01-29T20:07:20","modified_gmt":"2013-01-29T18:07:20","slug":"sportif-havacilik-kazalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=1131","title":{"rendered":"Sportif Havac\u0131l\u0131k Kazalar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"akrobasi\"<\/a>Sportif havac\u0131l\u0131k, plan\u00f6rler, balonlar, gyroplane’ler ve ultra-hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan, ticari amac\u0131 olmayan ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla gezip g\u00f6rme ama\u00e7l\u0131 ki\u015fisel u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Hava arac\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011finden dolay\u0131 bu tip u\u00e7u\u015flarda meydana gelen kazalar s\u0131kl\u0131kla genel havac\u0131l\u0131k kaza-k\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na dahil edilmemektedir.\u00a0 Sportif pilotluk ve sportif hafif hava arac\u0131 kurallar\u0131 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda FAA taraf\u0131ndan uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve \u00f6zel sertifikasyon s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Sportif havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli tipleri bulunmaktad\u0131r; ancak FAA\u2019n\u0131n kategorileri ile NTSB’ninkiler farkl\u0131d\u0131r. NTSB plan\u00f6rleri, balonlar\u0131, ultra-hafif ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve gyroplane’leri farkl\u0131 hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Buna mukabil FAA t\u00fcm bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 havadan hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve plan\u00f6rler olarak ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131r. Havadan hafif ara\u00e7lar balonlar\u0131 ve zeplinleri olu\u015ftururken; ultra-hafif ara\u00e7lar ve gyroplane’ler b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na g\u00f6re sabit kanat, deneysel veya amat\u00f6r havac\u0131l\u0131k kategorilerinde al\u0131n\u0131r.\u00a0 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda FAA yeni kategori olarak hafif-spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kategorisini tan\u0131mlad\u0131 ve bu kategoriye t\u00fcm gyroplane’leri, \u00e7o\u011fu ultra-hafif ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve di\u011fer bir tak\u0131m hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dahil etti.<\/p>\n

METOD: 1982-2007 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki 26 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6neme ait 2118 sportif havac\u0131l\u0131k kazas\u0131, (1982 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren simetrik ve uyumlu kaza bilgileri toplamaya ba\u015flayan) NTSB online veri bankas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekildi. NTSB\u2019nin bir olay\u0131 kaza olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in ara\u00e7 i\u00e7inde bulunanlar ya da yer ekibinden birisinin ciddi ya da \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bi\u00e7imde yaralanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 veya hava arac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lamaz hale gelmi\u015f ya da ciddi \u015fekilde hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

NTSB b\u00fct\u00fcn sebepleri, fakt\u00f6rleri, bulgular\u0131 ve olaylar\u0131 y\u00fczlerce kategorilerde dok\u00fcmante etmektedir. Baz\u0131 kategorilerde \u00e7ok az vaka bulundu\u011fundan bunlar\u0131n do\u011fru istatistiksel analizi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya 100\u2019den fazla vaka say\u0131s\u0131 bulunan kategoriler dahil edildi. Sportif havac\u0131l\u0131k verileri, bu faaliyetlerin resmi olmayan operasyon ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kaza sonras\u0131 tamir i\u015flemlerinin pilotlar\u0131n kendisi ya da ara\u00e7 sahiplerince yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00e7ok fazla detayland\u0131r\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7LAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Kaza oranlar\u0131:<\/strong> NTSB bilgi bankas\u0131 plan\u00f6rler, ultra-hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 gyroplane’ler, balonlar ve zeplinlerin dahil oldu\u011fu toplam 2.118 kaza rapor etmektedir. 1980\u2019lerde y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama kaza say\u0131s\u0131 100 olup, en \u00e7ok kaza 221 ile 1983\u2019de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1990\u2019lardan bu g\u00fcne ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k kaza say\u0131s\u0131 50-80 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. 1999-2009 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde ortalama plan\u00f6r pilotu \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 100.000 u\u00e7u\u015f saatinde 119 olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Balonlar ve zeplinleri i\u00e7eren havadan-hafif-hava arac\u0131 kategorisinde bu oran 100.000 u\u00e7u\u015f saatinde 26\u2019d\u0131r. (Do\u011fru ve net bir hesaplama yapmak, hava arac\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finden dolay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

2. Bayan pilotlar:<\/strong> Pilotlardan 120\u2019sinin bayan oldu\u011fu ve bunlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 2\/3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn (n=77, %64,2) balon pilotu, 34\u2019n\u00fcn (% 28,3) ise plan\u00f6r pilotu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. FAA raporlar\u0131nda 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda 13.694 tane u\u00e7ak \/ helikopter \/ plan\u00f6r \/ gyroplane sertifikas\u0131 bulunan bayan mevcuttu. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam (bayan + erkek) sertifikal\u0131 havac\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 211.096 idi. Bu y\u0131lda toplam \u00f6zel pilot say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n %6,9\u2019unu bayanlar olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kategorisinde meydana gelen kazalara dahil olan pilotlar\u0131n %5.6\u2019s\u0131 bayand\u0131. Plan\u00f6r u\u00e7u\u015f kazalar\u0131na dahil olan bayan pilotlarda \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 %18 iken erkeklerde bu %14 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Uygun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma verileri bulunmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, gyroplane ve ultra-hafif hava arac\u0131 gibi motorize hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl kaza oran\u0131 ve hava arac\u0131n\u0131n tahrip olma oranlar\u0131 balon, zeplin ve plan\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re anlaml\u0131 \u015fekilde y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n

3. Kazan\u0131n zaman\u0131:<\/strong> Spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kazalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu hafta sonu (n=1249, %58,5) ve May\u0131s ile A\u011fustos sonu (n=1095, %51,7) d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. 4 tanesi \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc olmak \u00fczere sadece 17 kazada gece u\u00e7u\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 rapor edilmi\u015ftir. Bu verinin t\u00fcm kazalardaki oran\u0131 %0,8\u2019dir. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1.924 saat plan\u00f6r ve 5.523 saat havadan-hafif hava arac\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 gece yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; hava arac\u0131 tipine g\u00f6re toplam u\u00e7u\u015f s\u00fcresindeki oranlar\u0131 da s\u0131ras\u0131yla %1.79 ve %5.14 olmu\u015ftur. Hafif-spor kategorisinde 7.673 saat gece u\u00e7u\u015fu olarak kayda ge\u00e7erken, bu s\u00fcre toplam u\u00e7u\u015f saati i\u00e7inde %3 oran\u0131na denk gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

4. Pilot ya\u015f ve tecr\u00fcbesi:<\/strong> Pilotlar\u0131n ortalama ya\u015flar\u0131 47 olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (SS: 13.7). Bir tane 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda ve bir tane de 90 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan plan\u00f6r pilotu kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 137 vakada pilotlar\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131 kayda ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir. Pilotlar\u0131n deneyimi 1 ile 23.530 saat aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir (ortalama: 1.275 s, SS: 2.555 s).\u00a0 Hava arac\u0131 tipine ve modeline \u00f6zel tecr\u00fcbe s\u00fcresi ise 0 ile 7.500 saat aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmekteydi (ortalama: 155 s, SS=392 s).<\/p>\n

5. Kaza sebepleri:<\/strong> Spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan kaza sebebi, in-flight planlama ve kararverme (n=200, %9,4) olu\u015fturur. Bunu takip eden sebep do\u011fru hava h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 koruyamama (n=195 %9,2) olmu\u015ftur. Clearance 165 vakada (%7,8) kaza sebebi olarak kayda ge\u00e7erken; hava durumu 140 di\u011fer vakada (%6.6) sebep fakt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6rsel hava arac\u0131 kontrolleri 116 vakada (%5,5) as\u0131l sebep olmu\u015ftur. R\u00fczg\u00e2r ile m\u00fccadele ise 107 vakada (%5,1) kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 101 vakada (%4,8) sebep stall’dur. (Bu unsur havadan-hafif ara\u00e7larda yoktur). Yang\u0131n (n=120) %31 vakada \u00f6l\u00fcme sebep olarak, di\u011fer t\u00fcm olaylar\u0131n kombine bi\u00e7imde \u00f6l\u00fcme sebebiyet oran\u0131 olan %20\u2019den anlaml\u0131 \u015fekilde y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu veri setindeki 522 hava arac\u0131 ev yap\u0131m\u0131 olarak kaydedilmi\u015ftir. 501 vakada kritik yaralanmalar rapor edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n %46\u2019s\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olmu\u015ftur. Ev yap\u0131m\u0131 hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu gyroplane’ler ve ultra-hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Di\u011fer hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcll\u00fck oran\u0131 %12 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

TARTI\u015eMA:<\/strong> Sportif havac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan ultra-hafifler ve gyroplane’ler gibi motorlu hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda daha fazla oranda \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kaza ve hava arac\u0131 tahribi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken bu durum ancak son zamanlardaki literat\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda dikkat \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen veriler ancak son y\u0131llarda toplanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve de bulunduklar\u0131 grup t\u00fcm di\u011fer hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00e7ok sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Total kaza say\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde en az \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kaza oran\u0131 balonlardad\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen en s\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan hava arac\u0131 yine balonlar olmu\u015ftur. Spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek nominal kaza say\u0131s\u0131 plan\u00f6r operasyonlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.\u00a0 Balon operasyonlar\u0131yla birlikte en y\u00fcksek g\u00f6rece sert ini\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 yine plan\u00f6rlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, hem olaylar\u0131n olu\u015f bi\u00e7imi hem de ciddiyeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, motorlu ve motorsuz hava arac\u0131 kazalar\u0131 olarak iki gruba ayr\u0131labilir. Bu grupland\u0131rma FAA\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm hafif motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 tek grup alt\u0131nda toplama karar\u0131n\u0131 destekliyor olsa da, hava arac\u0131 tipleri aras\u0131ndaki farklar g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. Ultra-hafif ara\u00e7lar ve gyroplane’ler farkl\u0131 kaza karakteristikleri g\u00f6stermekle beraber hafif motorlu hava arac\u0131 kategorisi NTSB veri bankas\u0131nda bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple ileride yap\u0131lacak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda NTSB ve FAA veri bankalar\u0131 kombine edilerek kullan\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. Say\u0131lar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem balonlar hem de plan\u00f6rler bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli alanlard\u0131r. Ancak kazalar\u0131n \u015fiddeti s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda gyroplane’ler ve ultra-hafif ara\u00e7lar gelecekte yap\u0131lacak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131 olma konusunda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kazalarda \u00f6l\u00fcm olmas\u0131 %2.3 oranla genel havac\u0131l\u0131ktakinden biraz daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Gece u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok s\u0131k yap\u0131lmasa da pilot \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc riski genel havac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa oranla \u00e7ok daha fazla \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Genel havac\u0131l\u0131kta olu\u015fan kazalarda yang\u0131n\u0131n da birlikte olmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcll\u00fck oran\u0131n\u0131 anlaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Genel havac\u0131l\u0131kta bu kazalar\u0131n 2\/3\u2019\u00fc (%31) \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ev yap\u0131m\u0131 hava arac\u0131 kazalar\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fclme oran\u0131, arac\u0131n tipinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak %26 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayn\u0131 oran %45,5\u2019dir ve bu durum gryoplane ve ultra-hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle sorun te\u015fkil etti\u011fini i\u015faret etmektedir. \u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olmayan kazalar\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla rapor edilmiyor olu\u015fu, bu konuda yap\u0131lacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak bulgular\u0131n \u00f6nemini daha da art\u0131racakt\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olmayan kazalar\u0131n fazla rapor edilmemesi olgusu, bu kategorideki \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kazalar\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oranlarda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir yanl\u0131\u015f alg\u0131 yaratmaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, FAA\u2019n\u0131n hafif spor havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve NTSB\u2019nin de gyroplane, ultra-hafif ve ev yap\u0131m\u0131 hava arac\u0131 kategorilerinde, hem pilot hem de yolcu i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek risk oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/b>: De Voogt AJ, van Doorn RRA. Sports Aviation Accidents: fatality and aircraft specifity. Aviat Space Environ Med 2010; 81:1033-6<\/p>\n

\u00c7eviri<\/b>: Dr. Mevl\u00fct Cengiz, Red-Star Hava Ambulans, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sportif havac\u0131l\u0131k, plan\u00f6rler, balonlar, gyroplane’ler ve ultra-hafif hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan, ticari amac\u0131 olmayan ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla gezip g\u00f6rme ama\u00e7l\u0131 ki\u015fisel u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Hava arac\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011finden dolay\u0131 bu tip u\u00e7u\u015flarda meydana gelen kazalar s\u0131kl\u0131kla genel havac\u0131l\u0131k kaza-k\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na dahil edilmemektedir.\u00a0 Sportif pilotluk ve sportif hafif hava arac\u0131 kurallar\u0131 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda FAA taraf\u0131ndan uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve \u00f6zel sertifikasyon s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Sportif havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1131"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1133,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1131\/revisions\/1133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}