{"id":3148,"date":"2020-10-05T16:07:36","date_gmt":"2020-10-05T13:07:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=3148"},"modified":"2020-10-05T16:07:36","modified_gmt":"2020-10-05T13:07:36","slug":"ucak-tutmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=3148","title":{"rendered":"U\u00c7AK TUTMASI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131y\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan : Prof Dr Muzaffer \u00c7eting\u00fc\u00e7<\/p>\n

Hareket hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, anormal hareket uyaranlar\u0131na verilen normal bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k tepkisidir\u00a0(malady)<\/em>; yani asl\u0131nda bir hastal\u0131k de\u011fil semptomdur (1). Hareket hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0(motion sickness)<\/em>\u00a0havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0(air sickness)<\/em>\u00a0belirtileri; bulant\u0131-kusma, so\u011fuk terleme, ate\u015f basmas\u0131, sararma, kar\u0131nda rahats\u0131zl\u0131k hissi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi, esneme, vs\u2019dir. Bu fiziksel semptomlara sersemlik, uyu\u015fukluk, halsizlik, odaklanamama, depresyon gibi bili\u015fsel bozukluklar da eklenebilir. \u2018Tutma\u2019 hali i\u00e7indeki insanlar\u0131n %46\u2019s\u0131nda bulant\u0131, %65\u2019inde bili\u015fsel semptomlar \u00f6nde olup, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k seyirliler daha \u00e7oktur. Askeri operasyonlarda para\u015f\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc, deniz piyadesi, komando; hava ambulans u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131nda ise sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli gibi iyi e\u011fitilmi\u015f ve kritik g\u00f6revlerde kullan\u0131lacak ki\u015filer tutma y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u015flevselliklerini yitirebilir. \u00d6zg\u00fcven ve performanslar\u0131 azal\u0131r; \u00f6l\u00fcm kal\u0131m m\u00fccadelesi gereken durumlarda bile pasif kalabilirler. Hassas ki\u015filerde fiziksel, bili\u015fsel ve psikolojik belirtiler birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn devam edebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hareket hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi deniz tutmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Yani \u2018tutma\u2019 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi denizcilik kadar eskidir; ilk olarak denizcilikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in\u00a0\u2018Mal de mer\u2019<\/em>\u00a0olarak bilinir. Sal \u00fczerinde dalgal\u0131 deniz simulasyonuna maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lan insanlar\u0131n %76\u2019s\u0131 kusar; \u015fiddetli denizde bu oran %99 olur. Havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki oranlar bu kadar y\u00fcksek de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk yolcu u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131ndan birinde (1935 y\u0131l\u0131), \u0130stanbul \u00fczerinde heyecan verici bir u\u00e7u\u015f yapan bir gazetecinin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, her koltukta \u2018havada deniz tutanlara mahsus\u2019(!) kese k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 bulunmakta idi (2). Yani u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131 diye bir kavramdan haberi olmayanlar, durumu denizcilikten \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 ald\u0131klar\u0131 bir kavramla tarif etmekteydiler…<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi hareket hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece denizde ve u\u00e7aklarda olmaz; otomobil, tren, tank, sal\u0131ncak, fil ve deve bini\u015flerinde\u00a0(Lawrance of Arabia sick)<\/em>\u00a0de olur. Sisli havalarda kayak\u00e7\u0131larda\u00a0(ski sickness)<\/em>, uzayda yer\u00e7ekimsizlik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda da\u00a0(space sickness)<\/em>\u00a0bulant\u0131 ve kusma g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131 ekranl\u0131\u00a0(imax)<\/em>\u00a0sinemalar, sanal ger\u00e7eklik\u00a0(virtual reality)\u00a0<\/em>veya 3-D g\u00f6zl\u00fckler, sim\u00fclat\u00f6r cihazlar\u0131 ise, fiziksel hareketler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, sadece g\u00f6rsel hareket uyaranlar\u0131yla tetiklenen tutma durumlar\u0131 yaratabilir\u2026 Uzun s\u00fcre deniz yolculu\u011fu yapan insanlar\u0131n dalga sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131na al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k kazand\u0131ktan sonra karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 dengesizlik de \u2018kara tutmas\u0131\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Havac\u0131l\u0131kta tutma<\/strong><\/p>\n

U\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131n\u0131n birinci nedeni t\u00fcrbulanst\u0131r. Denizdeki dalgalar\u0131n havadaki e\u015fde\u011feri olan t\u00fcrbulans, duyarl\u0131 ki\u015filerin \u2018i\u00e7lerini d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r.\u2019 Sivil havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki konforlu u\u00e7aklarda u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131 %1 gibi \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oranlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr, ama t\u00fcrbulansl\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015flarda oran %20\u2019lere kadar y\u00fckselir. Sivil havac\u0131l\u0131kta u\u00e7aklar\u0131n konforunun artmas\u0131 ve pilotlar\u0131n t\u00fcrbulans yaratan bulutlardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmalar\u0131 sayesinde u\u00e7aklarda art\u0131k kusan yolcular \u00e7ok azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama pilotaj \u00f6\u011frencilerinde tutma devam etmektedir; s\u0131rf bu rahats\u0131zl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden u\u00e7ucu olma ideallerine veda eden gen\u00e7ler olur.<\/p>\n

Askeri havac\u0131l\u0131kta pilot adaylar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclme oran\u0131 %11-39\u2019dur. \u00c7o\u011fu aday k\u0131sa zamanda bulant\u0131 yaratan akselerasyonlu u\u00e7u\u015f hareketlerine al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; ancak u\u00e7u\u015ftan bir s\u00fcre ayr\u0131 kalan ki\u015filer yeniden u\u00e7u\u015fa d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde tutma tekrar ba\u015flayabilir (4). Tutma olgular\u0131n\u0131n hepsi u\u00e7u\u015ftan ayr\u0131lmaz; iyi u\u00e7u\u015f \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin deste\u011fiyle bu durumdan kurtulanlar olur. Ama pes ederek ya idari kararlarla ya da kendi istekleriyle u\u00e7u\u015ftan ayr\u0131lanlar da \u00e7oktur. Bu grup i\u00e7in \u2018istikbal g\u00f6klerde de\u011fil yerdedir\u2019 J.<\/p>\n

Vas\u0131ta tutmas\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etiyolojisi tam ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 kulak denge organ\u0131n\u0131n (vestib\u00fcl) hareket alg\u0131lar\u0131yla g\u00f6rsel alg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi anormal durumlarda bulant\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmektedir. Bir di\u011fer hipotez ise, asimetrik yerle\u015fimli sa\u011f ve sol otolit organlar\u0131 olan ki\u015filerde beyne gelen hareket alg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0(mismatch)<\/em>\u00a0tutmay\u0131 tetikleyebilece\u011fidir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n deniz, u\u00e7ak, lunapark ve jimnastik ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok tutma belirtileri g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bilinir. Stresli durumlarda, anksiyete ve migrenlilerde tutma fazlad\u0131r. Alkol ve vibrasyon da tetikleyici fakt\u00f6rler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00a0\u00c7ok duyarl\u0131 insanlarda bile hareket uyaranlar\u0131na maruziyet devam ettik\u00e7e, beynin n\u00f6roplastisite yetene\u011fi sayesinde 2-3 g\u00fcn ile 1 y\u0131l gibi s\u00fcreler i\u00e7inde ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (5,6,7). Bir hareketin ba\u015flama an\u0131n\u0131, y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u015fiddetini bilen ki\u015filerde tutmaya kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k artmakta; beklenmedik hareket uyaranlar\u0131na pasif bi\u00e7imde maruz kalanlarda ise tutma belirtileri daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (7). Bu nedenle d\u0131\u015far\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6rerek u\u00e7a\u011fa kumanda eden pilot ve u\u00e7u\u015f ekibinde tutma daha az; g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f referans\u0131ndan mahrum olan u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00f6revlileri ve yolcularda daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tedavi<\/strong><\/p>\n

U\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem ve tedavi olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen 3 y\u00f6ntem; s\u0131k u\u00e7arak al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k ve duyars\u0131zl\u0131k kazanmak\u00a0(habituation)<\/em>, bulant\u0131 giderici ila\u00e7lar kullanmak ve davran\u0131\u015f tedavisidir. S\u0131k u\u00e7man\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015f anksiyetesini azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hareket uyaranlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 duyars\u0131zla\u015fma sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinir. Az u\u00e7an veya b\u00fcnyesel olarak duyarl\u0131 ki\u015filere baz\u0131 ila\u00e7lar \u00f6nerilir; ama bunlar\u0131n psikomotor yan etkileri nedeniyle u\u00e7u\u015f ekiplerince al\u0131nmas\u0131 uygun de\u011fildir. Kritik operasyonlara u\u00e7akla g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen sa\u011fl\u0131k ve teknik personele t\u00fcrbulansl\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015flarda bu ila\u00e7lar hafif\/orta dozlarda verilebilir. Bitkisel ila\u00e7lar olarak ginger (zencefil), nane, limon suyu, ye\u015fil elma, elma sirkesi ve k\u00f6pekotu yararl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n

Havac\u0131l\u0131kta u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 pilot adaylar\u0131d\u0131r. Kusaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisi i\u00e7inde olmak, tutmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran psikolojik bir unsurdur. S\u0131k u\u00e7mak ve tutmay\u0131 yenme azmi, hareket uyaranlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir duyars\u0131zla\u015fma ve tutmaya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131r (9). Kendisinden \u00f6nceki pilotaj \u00f6\u011frencisinin kusmu\u015f olmas\u0131, kokpitteki koku ve kusmuk g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri negatif ko\u015fullanma yaratabilir.<\/p>\n

Tedavide davran\u0131\u015fsal \u00f6nlemler:<\/p>\n

– Gece iyi uyku uyuma,<\/p>\n

– U\u00e7u\u015ftan \u00f6nce t\u0131ka basa ve ya\u011fl\u0131 yememe, gazl\u0131 i\u00e7eceklerden ka\u00e7\u0131nma, a\u00e7 olmama,<\/p>\n

– Pencere kenar\u0131 ve kanat \u00fcst\u00fc koltuklarda oturma,<\/p>\n

– Bulant\u0131 hissedildi\u011finde diyafragmatik solunum ve gev\u015feme tekni\u011fi uygulama,<\/p>\n

– Ba\u015f hareketlerini k\u0131s\u0131tlama, g\u00f6zleri kapama, kitap okumama, uzaklara bakma, uyuma,<\/p>\n

– Ge\u00e7meyen bulant\u0131larda yere y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc yatma, zorla kusma…<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

– Semptomlar\u0131 devam eden pilot adaylar\u0131na vestib\u00fcler uyar\u0131m ve ba\u015fd\u00f6nmesi sim\u00fclasyonu yapan cihazlarda (\u00d6rn.\u00a0Barany sandalyesi<\/em>) veya sanal ger\u00e7eklik g\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde duyars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma teknikleri uygulan\u0131r (6,7,8).<\/p>\n

Bu tedavi program\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131 oran\u0131, erken olgularda %84-96 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r (1).<\/p>\n

Tutmayla ilgili anekdotlar ve ampirik \u00f6nlemler<\/p>\n

* 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda insan\u0131n t\u00fcreyi\u015fi ve t\u00fcrlerin k\u00f6keni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gemiyle seyahat eden Charles Darwin\u2019in babas\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuptaki ifadesi: \u201cDeniz tutmas\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya insanlar\u0131 denizci olurdu…\u201d<\/p>\n

* T\u00fcrk Askeri Havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131na ait 1911 tarihli bir emirde, Avrupa’ya tayyarecilik e\u011fitimine g\u00f6nderilmek \u00fczere ba\u015fvuran subaylar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda ilk s\u0131rada “deniz ve sal\u0131ncaktan ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6nmemesi” istenmi\u015fti (3).<\/p>\n

* ABD\u2019nin s\u00fcper pilotlar\u0131ndan General Charles Yeager pilotaj \u00f6\u011frencili\u011fi d\u00f6neminde kustu\u011fu i\u00e7in u\u00e7u\u015ftan nefret etmekteydi; ama u\u00e7u\u015fa devam ettik\u00e7e bundan kurtulmu\u015ftu. Efsane pilot 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da u\u00e7ak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, 180 tip askeri u\u00e7akta toplam 10 bin saat u\u00e7mu\u015f ve 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda ses h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7en ilk pilot olmu\u015ftu. L\u00e2kab\u0131 \u2018Chuck\u2019 idi. Bunun Charles\u2019in k\u0131saltmas\u0131 olmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda, argoda chuck\u2019\u0131n kusma anlam\u0131na gelmesiyle ilgili ironik bir y\u00f6n\u00fc de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

* 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7inli askerlerin u\u00e7akla transferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir askerin u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131 o kadar \u015fiddetliydi ki, komutan\u0131 onu para\u015f\u00fcts\u00fcz olarak u\u00e7aktan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (11).<\/p>\n

* ABD ordusunun efsane generallerinden 1991 K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n komutan\u0131, \u2018\u00c7\u00f6l Ay\u0131s\u0131\u2019 l\u00e2kapl\u0131 Norman Schwarzkopf, gen\u00e7lik d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcrbulansl\u0131 bir u\u00e7u\u015fta u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131n\u0131 o kadar \u015fiddetli ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, bir daha u\u00e7a\u011fa binmemeye yemin etmi\u015fti. Sonraki y\u0131llarda bunu yenerek Vietnam ve Irak dahil pek \u00e7ok operasyonda binlerce kez u\u00e7a\u011fa binebilmi\u015fti (12).<\/p>\n

* 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda Apollo-8 komutan\u0131 olan astronot Frank Borman\u2019\u0131n kusmalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden g\u00f6revi k\u0131sa kesilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

* 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda Shuttle u\u00e7u\u015funda \u00e7ok fazla kusan Jake Garn\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131na yap\u0131lan ironik bir at\u0131fla, uzay kusmalar\u0131n\u0131n derecelendirmesinde \u2018Garn Skalas\u0131\u2019 terimi kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

* Aldous Huxley\u2019in bilim-kurgu roman\u0131 \u2018Cesur Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019da hareket hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretilen fantastik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u015f\u00f6yleydi: Toptan \u00fcretim yap\u0131lan \u2018Kulu\u00e7kalama-\u015eartland\u0131rma Merkezlerinde\u2019 roket m\u00fchendisi olacak ceninler t\u00fcpler i\u00e7inde h\u0131zla d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp, belirli periyodlarda ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bekletilerek denge duyular\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmekte ve bir \u00e7e\u015fit duyars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma program\u0131na tabi tutulmaktayd\u0131lar (10).<\/p>\n

* T\u00fcrk Hava Kuvvetleri U\u00e7u\u015f Okulunda u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131 sonucu kusan pilot aday\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencilerden u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kendilerinin temizlemesi istenir. \u2018Anadolu Kartallar\u0131\u2019 filminde de i\u015flenmi\u015f olan bu gelenek; aday\u0131n sonraki u\u00e7u\u015fta tekrar kusmamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde psikolojik bir bask\u0131 (davran\u0131\u015f tedavisi) i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

* Deniz tutmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ampirik ve egzotik tedaviler: \u00dclkemizde baz\u0131 denizciler tutma durumlar\u0131nda k\u0131zarm\u0131\u015f ekmek-peynir yer\u2026 Geleneksel y\u00f6ntemlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: Mide \u00fczerine s\u0131k\u0131 ku\u015fak ba\u011flama\u00a0(anti mal de mer belts)<\/em>, kar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesine i\u00e7 \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t koyma, toprak, \u00e7amur veya kahverengi ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcst\u00fcne oturma, yan\u0131na ye\u015fil bak\u0131rta\u015f\u0131 alma, deniz suyu veya sintine suyu i\u00e7me\u2026 \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f ticaret d\u00fcnyas\u0131, el bile\u011fi i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fcndeki Neikuan-P6 noktas\u0131na\u00a0\u2018Acupressure\u2019<\/em>\u00a0y\u00f6ntemiyle bask\u0131 yapan bileklikler \u00fcretmi\u015ftir ve havaalanlar\u0131nda sat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. (Yarar\u0131 konusunda z\u0131t rivayetler vard\u0131r\u2026)<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Jones DR, Marsh RW, Patterson JC, et al. Aviation Neuropsychiatry. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB. TX. USA, June 2000. pp. 31-33.<\/p>\n

2. Ak\u0131n S. Ay H\u0131rs\u0131z\u0131. \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. \u0130stanbul 2009. s. 197.<\/p>\n

3. Kural F. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Havac\u0131l\u0131kla \u0130lgili \u0130lk Giri\u015fimler. Kurulu\u015f Y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Askeri Havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belgeleri (1909-1913). Etimesgut: Hv.Bas. ve Ne\u015f.Md.l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; 1975. pp 10-53.<\/p>\n

4. Lucertini M, Lugli V, Casagrande M, Trivelloni P. Effects of airsickness in male and female student pilots: adaptation rates and 4-year outcomes. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79: 677-84.<\/p>\n

5. Shupak A, Gordon CR. Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006;77: 1213-23.<\/p>\n

6. Airsickness treatment tips. https:\/\/www.onebagger.com\/air-sickness\/<\/p>\n

7. Parmet AJ, Ercoline WR. Spatial orientation in flight. In: Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine. 4th Edit. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, USA, 2008. pp. 186,193-203.<\/p>\n

8. Green RG, Muir H, James M, et al. Human Factors for Pilots. 2nd Edit. Ashgate, USA.2007. pp. 16,25,72,85.<\/p>\n

9. Edwards DC. Pilot, Mental and Physical Performance. 2nd Edit. Iowa State University Press. 1995. pp. 3-18.<\/p>\n

10. Huxley A. Cesur Yeni D\u00fcnya. \u00c7eviri: Ender G\u00fcrol. G\u00fcne\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. \u0130stanbul, 1989. s. 19.<\/p>\n

11. https:\/\/library.nashville.org\/sites\/default\/files\/special_collections_division_finding_aid_vhp_summaries.pdf<\/p>\n

12. Petre P. Kahraman Olmak Gerekmez. (N. Schwarzkopf\u2019un Askerlik Y\u0131llar\u0131 An\u0131lar\u0131) \u00c7eviri: M. Harmanc\u0131. Milliyet Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. 1. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1993. s. 45.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yaz\u0131y\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan : Prof Dr Muzaffer \u00c7eting\u00fc\u00e7 Hareket hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, anormal hareket uyaranlar\u0131na verilen normal bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k tepkisidir\u00a0(malady); yani asl\u0131nda bir hastal\u0131k de\u011fil semptomdur (1). Hareket hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0(motion sickness)\u00a0havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan u\u00e7ak tutmas\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0(air sickness)\u00a0belirtileri; bulant\u0131-kusma, so\u011fuk terleme, ate\u015f basmas\u0131, sararma, kar\u0131nda rahats\u0131zl\u0131k hissi, ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi, esneme, vs\u2019dir. Bu fiziksel semptomlara sersemlik, uyu\u015fukluk, halsizlik, odaklanamama, depresyon gibi bili\u015fsel bozukluklar da eklenebilir. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3148","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3148"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3148\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3149,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3148\/revisions\/3149"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3148"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}