24 Mart 2015 g\u00fcn\u00fc Barcelona\u2019dan Duesseldorf\u2019a gitmekte olan Germanwings u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 Frans\u0131z Alplerine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ikinci pilotu Andreas Lubitz \u00f6nceden pl\u00e2nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 intihar dal\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile 150 insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu trajik olay, pilot psikolojisinin u\u00e7u\u015f emniyetindeki \u00f6nemini \u00e7ok sars\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde havac\u0131l\u0131k otoritelerinin dikkatine getirdi\u011fi gibi, havac\u0131l\u0131kta psikologlar\u0131n i\u015flevini de g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. U\u00e7u\u015f emniyetinin her \u015feyden daha \u00e7ok pilotun psikolojisiyle ilgili oldu\u011fu ac\u0131 bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda konunun \u00f6nemi 100 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde bile fark edilmi\u015fti: Havac\u0131l\u0131k t\u0131bb\u0131n\u0131n ilk kitaplar\u0131ndan birinin yazar\u0131 olan Dr. Charles Richet 1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cBir pilot i\u00e7in en tehlikeli unsur kendi psikolojisidir\u201d demi\u015fti (1). 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Hava Kuvvetleri doktorlar\u0131ndan Oliver Gotch\u2019un, \u201cHavac\u0131l\u0131kta u\u00e7u\u015f psikolojisinden daha \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 yoktur\u201d s\u00f6zleri de var (2). Bu tespitlerden 90 y\u0131l sonra (2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda) genel havac\u0131l\u0131k kazalar\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn pilotun psikolojisi ve karar vermesi oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmi\u015fti (3). U\u00e7aklar\u0131n sofistike emniyet sistemlerine ve teknolojik desteklere sahip oldu\u011fu bug\u00fcnk\u00fc havac\u0131l\u0131kta bile, ne insan fakt\u00f6rleri s\u0131f\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, ne de u\u00e7u\u015f ekiplerinin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 stres\u00f6rler bitmi\u015ftir. Yani 100 y\u0131ld\u0131r hep ayn\u0131 ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve dillendiriliyor, ama bunu kontrol alt\u0131na almakta etkin tedbirler bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde bile (ek maliyet ve ek i\u015f gerek\u00e7eleriyle) s\u00fcr\u00fcncemede kal\u0131yor. Germanwings olay\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, EASA\u2019n\u0131n Pilot Akran Destek (Pilot Peer Support-EPPS) Program\u0131n\u0131 2018 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren uygulamaya sokaca\u011f\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka bahara kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteyiz.<\/p>\n U\u00e7u\u015f doktorlar\u0131 ve u\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n U\u00e7u\u015f emniyeti zincirinin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli halkalar\u0131 olan doktor ve psikologlar, insan bedeninin ve ruhunun uzman\u0131d\u0131rlar. Havac\u0131l\u0131k t\u0131bb\u0131 prati\u011finde beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte u\u00e7u\u015f doktorlar\u0131na y\u00fcklenen hekim, psikolog, diyetisyen, aile dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 gibi rol ve sorumluluklar art\u0131k ayr\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; daha derin yakla\u015f\u0131m gerektiren psikolojik konular i\u015fin uzman\u0131 olan u\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda u\u00e7u\u015f doktoru u\u00e7u\u015f ortam\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fyeri hekimi; u\u00e7u\u015f psikolo\u011fu da i\u015fyeri psikolo\u011fudur.<\/p>\n Baz\u0131 spor kul\u00fcpleri psikologlar istihdam ederek, \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc psikolojik durumlar\u0131 profesyoneller eliyle kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r (4). Havac\u0131l\u0131kta psikolojik destek gereksiniminde ilham\u0131n spor psikolojisinden geldi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u201cPilotlar\u0131n ciddi psikolojik sorunlar\u0131 olmaz, nadiren olursa da sistem i\u00e7indeki \u2018insan sarraf\u0131\u2019 y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan fark edilerek ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere sevk edilir\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 art\u0131k ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Sporda oldu\u011fu gibi havac\u0131l\u0131kta da ba\u015far\u0131 ve emniyet, psikopatolojiyle ters orant\u0131l\u0131 bir seyir g\u00f6sterir. Havac\u0131l\u0131k psikolojisi; u\u00e7an insan\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ba\u015flay\u0131p, u\u00e7ucu aday\u0131 se\u00e7iminde do\u011fru insanlar\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in testler ve m\u00fcl\u00e2katlar yapmaya, u\u00e7ucular\u0131n riskli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmeye kadar geni\u015f bir yelpazede kilit ve\/veya anahtar rol\u00fc olan bir bilimdir. U\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131, u\u00e7u\u015f doktor ve psikiyatristleriyle e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. U\u00e7u\u015f emniyetinin psikolojik aya\u011f\u0131yla ilgili olarak sadece pilotlar\u0131n da de\u011fil, kabin ekiplerinin, hava trafik kontrol\u00f6rlerinin, u\u00e7ak bak\u0131m ve di\u011fer yer ekiplerinin psikososyal sorunlar\u0131yla, yorgunluklar\u0131yla, ruhsal rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131yla da ilgilenir. Konu \u00fczerinde anketler, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapar ve y\u00f6netime raporlar sunar. Havayoluyla seyahat eden yolcular\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131 da \u00e7o\u011funlukla psikolojik niteliktedir ve \u015firket psikolo\u011funun ilgisini gerektirir. Kaza sonras\u0131 kazazede ve yak\u0131nlar\u0131na psikolojik destek vermek, u\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131n\u0131n sorumluluk alanlar\u0131ndan bir ba\u015fkas\u0131d\u0131r…<\/p>\n EPPS Program\u0131na haz\u0131r m\u0131y\u0131z?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00dclkemizin de uymak ve uygulamak zorunda oldu\u011fu EPPS program\u0131n\u0131n her a\u015famas\u0131nda psikolog ve psikiyatristlere etkin g\u00f6revler d\u00fc\u015fecektir. SHGM konu \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, bilgi ve talimat altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Ama yan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gereken sorular vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n Acaba havayolu \u015firketlerimizin bu program\u0131n yarar\u0131na inanc\u0131 ve uygulama isteklili\u011fi ne durumdad\u0131r, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n Havayolu \u015firketleri kadrolar\u0131nda psikiyatrist ve psikolog-lar istihdam etmekte midir?<\/p>\n Her doktor u\u00e7u\u015f doktoru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, her psikolog da havac\u0131l\u0131k psikolo\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, EPPS program\u0131nda g\u00f6rev alacak kalifiye elemanlar nas\u0131l bulunacakt\u0131r? Hava Kuvvetlerinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f deneyimli psikologlar aranmakta veya yurti\u00e7i \/ yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 kurslara personel g\u00f6nderilmekte midir?<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde havac\u0131l\u0131k psikolojisinin durumu<\/strong><\/p>\n ABD\u2019de yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmelerde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en stresli meslekleri s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda havayolu pilotlar\u0131 4. s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. ABD\u2019de 1970 ve 1980\u2019lerden beri alkolizm ve kaza sonras\u0131 psikolojik sorunlara destek ama\u00e7l\u0131 (Human Intervention Motivation Study-HIMS; Crisis Incident Response Program-CIRP) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck havayolu \u015firketlerinde de (Lufthansa, KLM, British, Air France) psikologlar uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r u\u00e7u\u015f ekiplerinin davran\u0131\u015fsal bozukluklar\u0131n\u0131 izlemekte ve destek vermektedirler. Avrupa Havac\u0131l\u0131k Psikologlar\u0131 Birli\u011fi (European Association for Aviation Psychology-EAAP) 1956 senesinden beri faaliyette olup 30 \u00fclkeden 480 \u00fcyesi bulunmakta, kongre ve kurslar d\u00fczenlemektedir. Pilot ve kabin ekiplerinin psikososyal sorunlar\u0131na destek veren \u015firket ve vak\u0131flarda (Stiftung Mayday, Anti-skid Group, BALPA) psikolog ve psikiyatristler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin askeri havac\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6nergeleri, kaza-k\u0131r\u0131m inceleme komisyonunda u\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131na da yer vermekte; kazan\u0131n olu\u015fumuna katk\u0131da bulunan psikolojik fakt\u00f6rleri (duygudurum, motivasyon, yorgunluk, alkol-madde, i\u015f ortam\u0131 s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeleri, ailevi-ekonomik sorunlar, psikiyatrik hastal\u0131klar, vs.) inceleme sorumlulu\u011funu bu uzmanlara b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 kazalardan sonra pilotlar i\u00e7in psiko-otopsi\u2019ler yap\u0131lmakta, sa\u011f kurtulanlar i\u00e7in psikolojik destek programlar\u0131 uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Bat\u0131ya bak\u0131nca, \u00fclkemizde konuyla ilgili yap\u0131lan az, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7ok \u015fey oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz…<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki durum<\/strong><\/p>\n Hava Kuvvetlerinin u\u00e7u\u015f birliklerinde ve Hava Harp Okulunda uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r u\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131 g\u00f6rev yapmaktad\u0131r. Ama sivil havac\u0131l\u0131kta (sanki b\u00f6yle bir gereksinim yokmu\u015f gibi) u\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. THY\u2019de kaza sonras\u0131 devreye giren Aile Destek Timleri\u2019nin ve psikolog kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 bir art\u0131 olmakla birlikte, onlar\u0131n da u\u00e7u\u015f psikologlu\u011fu sertifikas\u0131 sahibi olmamalar\u0131 bir eksikliktir. Yani sivil kurulu\u015flara psikolog atanmas\u0131 yetmez; havac\u0131l\u0131k psikolojisi e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 gerekir. Havac\u0131l\u0131k psikolojisi e\u011fitiminin hi\u00e7bir \u00fcniversitemizde y\u00fcksek lisans e\u011fitimi bi\u00e7iminde verilmiyor olmas\u0131, bu alanda eleman s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 yaratmaktad\u0131r. Avrupa i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olan bu zorluk, oralarda da kurs, e\u011fitim, kongre kat\u0131l\u0131m, dernek \u00fcyelikleri ve havac\u0131l\u0131k \u015firketlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerinde yan yollardan giderilmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00c7ok \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme olarak bu y\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren SHT-MED talimat\u0131na \u2018Havac\u0131l\u0131k Psikolo\u011fu\u2019 kavram\u0131 girmi\u015ftir (B\u00f6l\u00fcm 1, Madde 5-r). Ama u\u00e7u\u015f okullar\u0131n\u0131n ve havayolu \u015firketlerinin psikolog istihdam zorunlulu\u011fu olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle eski zafiyetin devam edece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n \u00c7ok \u00f6nemli olan ikinci geli\u015fme ise, \u00fclkemizde ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda Hava Kuvvetlerinin kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cU\u00e7u\u015f Psikolojisi\u201d kurslar\u0131n\u0131n bir benzeri sivil sekt\u00f6rde hi\u00e7 yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fken, bu y\u0131l ilk kez bir kurs d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcsk\u00fcdar \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 Nisan ay\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan kurstan psikolog, hekim ve pilot olarak 24 ki\u015fi \u201cHavac\u0131l\u0131k Psikolojisi Sertifikas\u0131\u201d alm\u0131\u015f olup, Ekim ay\u0131nda bu kursun ikincisi yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n U\u00e7u\u015f psikologlar\u0131n\u0131n sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sistemimize yava\u015f yava\u015f de\u011fil, h\u0131zl\u0131ca girmesinin zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015f ve ge\u00e7mektedir\u2026<\/p>\n Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Galle-Tessonneau JR. Becoming a flight surgeon. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1998;59: 1198-202<\/p>\n 2. Reid GE. Aviation Psychiatry. In: Ernsting J, Nicholson AN, Rainford DJ.(Eds). Aviation Medicine. Butterworth & Heinemann. 3rd Edit. Oxford UK. 1999. pp. 397-416<\/p>\n 3. Elliott PW. Aviation mental healh and the psychological examination. In: Kennedy CH, Kay GG. (Eds). Aeromedical Psychology. Ashgate Pub Ltd. England, 2013. p.63<\/p>\n 4. Ulus MF. Sahadaki Goller Ya\u015famdaki Roller. Trafford Pub. USA, 2012. s. 5,9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Yazar : Prof. Dr. Muzaffer \u00c7eting\u00fc\u00e7 Yay\u0131nlanma tarihi : 18 Eyl\u00fcl 2017 https:\/\/www.airkule.com\/yazar\/UCUS-PSIKOLOGLARINI-TAKDIMIMDIR\/1225\/ 24 Mart 2015 g\u00fcn\u00fc Barcelona\u2019dan Duesseldorf\u2019a gitmekte olan Germanwings u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 Frans\u0131z Alplerine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ikinci pilotu Andreas Lubitz \u00f6nceden pl\u00e2nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 intihar dal\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile 150 insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu trajik olay, pilot psikolojisinin u\u00e7u\u015f emniyetindeki \u00f6nemini \u00e7ok sars\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde havac\u0131l\u0131k otoritelerinin dikkatine getirdi\u011fi gibi, havac\u0131l\u0131kta psikologlar\u0131n i\u015flevini […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3759","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3759"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3759\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3760,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3759\/revisions\/3760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3759"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3759"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.airkule.com\/images\/image\/eaap.jpg\")
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