Askeri havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zel ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle, kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve operasyonel bak\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygun y\u00f6nergeleri vard\u0131r. Her \u00fclke kendi u\u00e7u\u015f ekiplerinin aras\u0131nda e\u015fcinsellere yer verip vermeyece\u011fine, hangi t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015ftan ve ordudan ihra\u00e7 gerek\u00e7esi say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na kendisi karar verir. Havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sava\u015fa haz\u0131rl\u0131k ve sava\u015f i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri ortamlarda ordular e\u015fcinselli\u011fi, kendi rasyoneli i\u00e7inde hakl\u0131 gerek\u00e7elerle uygun g\u00f6rmez ve ihra\u00e7 sebebi sayar. Ancak bu konuda sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6nergeleri olduk\u00e7a esnektir. JAA (EASA), FAA ve ICAO y\u00f6nergeleri, t\u0131bbi ve psikiyatrik bir bozukluk d\u00fczeyinde olmad\u0131k\u00e7a ve u\u00e7u\u015f emniyetini riske edecek davran\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131 tespit edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, cinsel kimlik \u2018farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 g\u00f6steren u\u00e7u\u015f ekiplerini u\u00e7u\u015fa elveri\u015fsiz saymaz. Psikiyatri bilimi de \u00f6nceleri \u2018sapk\u0131nl\u0131k\u2019 kategorisinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc e\u015fcinselli\u011fe 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren \u2018normal d\u0131\u015f\u0131, ama hastal\u0131k de\u011fil\u2019 olarak bakmaktad\u0131r ve hastal\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Sapk\u0131nl\u0131k\/sap\u0131kl\u0131k durumlar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r). 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir T\u00fcrk havayolu \u015firketi u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan\u00a0\u2018Modern Family\u2019<\/em>\u00a0dizisinde yer alan\u00a0\u2018gay\u2019<\/em>\u00a0s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u2018sapk\u0131n\u2019 olarak \u00e7evrildi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve kamuoyundan tepkiler gelmi\u015fti (1).\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Yeti\u015fkin insanlar aras\u0131nda e\u015fcinsellik oran\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015f gruplar\u0131na ve \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte y\u00fczde 1-10 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerini gizleme e\u011filimi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden istatistiklere yans\u0131mayan ki\u015filerle birlikte bu oranlar\u0131n biraz daha fazla olabilece\u011fi tahmin edilebilir. E\u015fcinsellerin PPL\u00a0(Private Pilot License),\u00a0<\/em>CPL\u00a0(Commercial Pilot License)<\/em>\u00a0ve ATPL\u00a0(Airline Transport Pilot License)<\/em>\u00a0almalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde yasal bir engel yoktur. D\u00fczen bozucu davran\u0131\u015f sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n pl\u00e2nda oldu\u011fu durumlarda, psikiyatrik bir tan\u0131 da yoksa idari ve disiplin kararlar\u0131yla i\u015f akitleri feshedilebilir (2). Cinsel kimlik sorunu olan ki\u015filerin ikincil t\u0131bbi ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuysa ve hormon kullan\u0131m\u0131na ait semptomlar veya performans\u0131 bozan yan etkiler varsa, t\u0131bbi sertifikasyon i\u00e7in elveri\u015fsizlik karar\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n HIV(+) pilotlar:\u00a0<\/strong>Antiviral ila\u00e7 kullanmadan semptom g\u00f6stermeyen ve AIDS tan\u0131s\u0131 almayanlar kontroll\u00fc olarak u\u00e7abilirler; ancak bu konu da tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. FAA\u2019in 1997 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan uygulamas\u0131nda, antiviral ila\u00e7 kullanan HIV(+) pilot ve hava trafik kontrol\u00f6rleri FAR 67.113, 213 ve 312\u2019ye g\u00f6re t\u0131bbi sertifikasyon alamamaktayd\u0131lar. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131ndan itibaren, erken d\u00f6nemde tespit edilip iyi tedavi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve semptomlar\u0131 kaybolmu\u015f ki\u015filere u\u00e7u\u015f verilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak klinik bili\u015fsel de\u011ferlendirme, n\u00f6rokognitif testler\u00a0(Cog-Screen Aeromedical Edition)<\/em>\u00a0ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 laboratuvar tetkikleri yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (3). FAA, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda FAR 67.401\u2019e g\u00f6re ila\u00e7 tedavisi alt\u0131ndaki 39 HIV(+) pilota u\u00e7u\u015f vermi\u015ftir. JAA, birden fazla pilotlu u\u00e7aklarda u\u00e7u\u015f izni vermektedir. \u0130ngiliz Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Otoritesi (CAA) ise, bu ki\u015filerin tedavi prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve inkapasitasyon riskini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak t\u0131bbi sertifikasyon ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmektedir (4).<\/p>\n AIDS tan\u0131s\u0131 varsa:<\/strong>\u00a0E\u015fcinselli\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc bir hastal\u0131k olmamakla birlikte AIDS, e\u015fcinsellerle yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fileri tedirgin eden bir durumdur. HIV(+) ve AIDS tan\u0131s\u0131 konan insanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131 er ge\u00e7 n\u00f6rolojik bozukluklar, HIV ensefalopatisi ve AIDS demans\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. AIDS tan\u0131s\u0131 alan pilotlar\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015ftan muaf tutulmas\u0131 konusunda konsens\u00fcs vard\u0131r. Ama bug\u00fcn art\u0131k olgu baz\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilme yap\u0131larak uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclen pilotlara u\u00e7u\u015f verilebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Kuramsal olarak tipik semptomlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tedavi tipi ve yan etkileri, n\u00f6rolojik ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi parametrelere bak\u0131larak karar verilmesi gere\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Ama bug\u00fcne kadar FAA\u2019in b\u00f6yle bir onay verdi\u011fi ki\u015fi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (5).<\/p>\n Cinsiyet de\u011fi\u015ftirenler:<\/strong>\u00a0Transseks\u00fcalite, kad\u0131n bedenindeki erkeklerin ya da erkek bedenindeki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n operasyon ve hormon alarak hissettikleri cinsel kimli\u011fe kavu\u015fmalar\u0131 durumudur; bir hastal\u0131k say\u0131lmaz. ABD\u2019de cinsiyet de\u011fi\u015ftirme ameliyat\u0131 olan\u00a0(transgender)<\/em>, kad\u0131n kimli\u011fi ve giysileri ile g\u00f6revini yapan pilotlar vard\u0131r ve FAA taraf\u0131ndan u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131na engel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r (6). Ancak ameliyat sonras\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hormon ila\u00e7lar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 psikolojik nedenlerle u\u00e7u\u015ftan ay\u0131r\u0131lanlar da olmaktad\u0131r (7). \u0130ngiliz Hava Kuvvetlerinde erkek kimli\u011fiyle 13 y\u0131l pilot olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131ktan sonra cinsiyet de\u011fi\u015ftiren bir trans, pilotlu\u011fa polis g\u00fcc\u00fcnde devam etmektedir (8). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabin memurlu\u011fu i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuran bir erkek aday, hormon kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ameliyatla kad\u0131n cinsine ge\u00e7mek istedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylemi\u015f; yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmede u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00f6revleri i\u00e7in elveri\u015fsizlik bulunmayarak adayl\u0131\u011fa kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019de Spironolakton ve \u00d6stradiol kullanmakta olan bir \u00f6zel pilotun de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi olgu raporunda; performans\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen fiziksel veya zihinsel patoloji bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, t\u0131bbi sertifikas\u0131 takip ko\u015fulu ile onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Takip gerek\u00e7esi, Spironolakton\u2019un hiperkalemi, renal yetersizlik ve hipotansiyon gibi yan etkileri; keza \u00d6stradiol\u2019un safra ta\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturma ve tromboembolik olaylar\u0131 artt\u0131rma riskleri olmas\u0131yd\u0131. 50 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc zay\u0131f bireyler, or\u015fiyektomi olmu\u015flarsa ve hormon kullanmakta iseler, ayr\u0131ca osteoporoz takibi \u00f6nerilmektedir (9).<\/p>\n E\u015fcinsellere yakla\u015f\u0131m:<\/strong>\u00a01993 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bill Clinton\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde kabul edilen \u2018Sorma-S\u00f6yleme\u2019\u00a0(Don\u2019t ask, Don\u2019t tell – DADT)<\/em>\u00a0ilkesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, gay veya lezbien oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylemedik\u00e7e (ve d\u00fczen bozucu bir eylemi olmad\u0131k\u00e7a), e\u015fcinsellere ordunun kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1993-2004 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD Ordusundan ihra\u00e7 edilen 9.488 e\u015fcinsel erkek ve kad\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 8\u2019i \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlerde bulunan kalifiye personeldi ve bunlar\u0131n kayb\u0131 baz\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flatt\u0131. Yani durumun hem insan haklar\u0131, hem de nitelikli eleman kayb\u0131 boyutlar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve daha esnek yakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmekteydi. Obama y\u00f6netimi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sosyal de\u011fi\u015fim projesi olarak e\u015fcinsel askerlerin orduda g\u00f6rev yapmalar\u0131na izin veren yasay\u0131 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul etti.<\/p>\n 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fkan Donald Trump ise, say\u0131s\u0131 15 bin kadar olan transseks\u00fcel askerlerin orduda g\u00f6rev yapamayacaklar\u0131na karar verdi. Ancak 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 Ocak ay\u0131nda ABD Ordusunun iki Apache sava\u015f helikopteri pilotu (Yzb. D. Hall ve Yzb. V. Franchino) West Point Askeri Akademisinde evlendi; \u00e7ift d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne askeri t\u00f6ren \u00fcniformalar\u0131yla\u00a0(mess dress)<\/em>\u00a0kat\u0131ld\u0131 (10). \u0130ran\u2019da e\u015fcinsellerin idama mahk\u00fbm edilmeleri nedeniyle 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Air France\u2019\u0131n erkek e\u015fcinsel u\u00e7u\u015f ekipleri, \u0130ran u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev almak istemediklerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ba\u015flat\u0131lan imza kampanyas\u0131nda, \u201ce\u015fcinsel kabin memurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclebilecekleri \u00fclkelere u\u00e7may\u0131 reddetme hakk\u0131\u201d istendi (11).<\/p>\n Pratikteki zorluklar:\u00a0<\/strong>Trans veya e\u015fcinsel ki\u015filerin \u2018ruh sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n iyi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, davran\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131 beklenece\u011fi\u2019 gibi s\u00f6ylemler \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n sonucu olup bilimsel de\u011fildir. Toplumlar\u0131n di\u011fer kesimlerindeki insanlar gibi i\u00e7lerinde psikopatlojileri olanlar da, olmayanlar da vard\u0131r. Biyolojik cinsiyetleriyle zihinsel cinsel kimlik alg\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7eli\u015fki i\u00e7inde olanlar kimlik bunal\u0131m\u0131\u00a0(gender identity dysphoria)<\/em>\u00a0ya\u015fayabilirler; ama b\u00f6yle bir ikilem ve bunal\u0131m ya\u015famayanlar da \u00e7oktur. S\u00fcfl\u00ee yap\u0131daki trans ve e\u015fcinsel ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda seks i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ve uyu\u015fturucu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131 olsa da, havac\u0131l\u0131k ortamlar\u0131nda b\u00f6ylelerine pek rastlanmaz.<\/p>\n E\u015fcinsel pilotlar (efemine davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 varsa) homofobik insanlar\u0131n alayc\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na ve s\u00f6zel tacizlerine maruz kalabilir; sonu\u00e7ta kokpitte dikkat da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, liderlik ve otorite zafiyeti gibi CRM sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Yad\u0131rganmay\u0131p kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ortamlarda sorun ya\u015fanmaz. Uygar bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde ma\u00e7o gruplar e\u015fcinsellere kar\u015f\u0131 (belki kendi bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 e\u015fcinsel d\u00fcrt\u00fclerini kovmak amac\u0131yla) i\u011fneleyici ve itici tutumlar g\u00f6sterir. En naif \u00f6rneklerden biri, gay erkeklerin cinsel e\u011filimlerini yans\u0131tmak amac\u0131yla sa\u011f kulaklar\u0131na k\u00fcpe takmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015f ironik tekerlemedir: \u201cLeft is right, right is wrong\u201d (Sol kulak do\u011fru, sa\u011f yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r). Daha agresif tepkilerden biri 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avustralya\u2019da ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Qantas Havayollar\u0131 CEO\u2019su Alan Joyce, bir toplant\u0131daki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda e\u015fcinsel evlili\u011fe verdi\u011fi destek nedeniyle y\u00fcz\u00fcne pasta yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131…<\/p>\n Trans kabin memurlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Tayland ve G\u00fcney Kore\u2019de (Asian Airlines) k\u0131s\u0131tlama yoktur. Benzeri durumdaki pilotlar\u0131n dayan\u0131\u015fma ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak kurduklar\u0131 gruplar vard\u0131r:\u00a0National Gay Pilots Association (NGPA),<\/em>\u00a0Canadian Aviation Pride: Gay Pilots<\/em>\u2026 \u0130ngiliz havayolu \u015firketi Virgin Atlantic, (bu gruplara sel\u00e2m g\u00f6ndermek amac\u0131yla) tarihin ilk LGBT seferini 28 Haziran 2019 g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenledi. Londra\u2019n\u0131n Heathrow havaliman\u0131ndan New York\u2019un Newark havaliman\u0131na yap\u0131lan seferde\u00a0(Pride Flight)<\/em>\u00a0u\u00e7u\u015f ekibi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle LGBT temsilcilerinden olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Sons\u00f6z; i\u015fini d\u00fczg\u00fcn yapan, bedensel ve zihinsel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerinde olan herkesin u\u00e7maya ve u\u00e7urmaya hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu, cinsel y\u00f6nelimlerinin u\u00e7u\u015f emniyeti ba\u011flam\u0131nda engel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0http:\/\/www.gokyuzuhaberci.com\/haber.php?id=41685<\/a><\/p>\n 2. ICAO Medical Manuel. 3rd Edition, 2012. Doc 8985-AN\/859. Chapter 9: 9.8.5.<\/p>\n 3. http:\/\/www.pilotfriend.com\/aeromed\/medical\/hiv.htm<\/a><\/p>\n 4. Berry MA. Civil aviation medicine. In: DeHart RL, Davis JR. (Eds). Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine. 3rd Edit, Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. 2002. p. 557.<\/p>\n 5. Hutchison E. Aeromedical certification for HIV positive pilots – The UK approach. 78th Annual AsMA Scientific Meeting (2007) Abs. # 147.<\/p>\n 6.<\/strong>\u00a0John Walton. Trailblazing trans pilot Jessica Taylor pushes for equality.\u00a0https:\/\/runwaygirlnetwork.com\/2015\/09\/11\/trailblazing-trans-pilot-jessica-taylor-pushes-for-equality\/<\/a><\/p>\n 7. Bor R. Psychological assessment and reporting of crew mental health. In: Bor R, Hubbard T. (Eds). Aviation Mental Health: Psychological Implications for Air Transportation. Ashgate Pub. USA. 2006. pp. 149-50.<\/p>\n 8.\u00a0<\/strong>Jane Hutcheon.\u00a0http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2018-04-25\/transgender-pilot-ayla-holdom-royal-wedding-prince-william\/9691102<\/a><\/p>\n 9.\u00a0<\/strong>Valderrama C. Who is who? Case report. Aeromedical implications of gender dysphoria. The Fedaeral Air<\/p>\n Surgeon\u2019s Medical Bulletin. 2009;47(4): 6-7.<\/p>\n 10.<\/strong>\u00a0Danny Kim. New York Times (Jan 19, 2018). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/01\/19\/fashion\/weddings\/two-active-duty-soldiers-marry-in-same-sex-wedding-at-west-point.html<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.airkule.com\/images\/image\/20191021-escinsel-ekip-1.jpg\")
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