Yorgunluk, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n do\u011fal sonucu oldu\u011fu kadar, insan bedenini dinlenmeye y\u00f6nlendiren bir savunma mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Eski zamanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma temposu insanlar\u0131 zihnen ve bedenen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zorlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yorgunluk kavram\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda \u00e7ok yer tutmazd\u0131. Bat\u0131 dillerine etimolojik olarak giri\u015fi 350 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar gider. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 tempolu, rekabet\u00e7i, t\u00fcketim toplumlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan n\u00fcfusun %7-45\u2019i (ortalama %20\u2019si) yorgunluktan yak\u0131n\u0131r ve daha \u00e7ok zihinsel belirtilerini g\u00f6sterir. Bunun teknoloji ve otomasyon sistemlerinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclecek gibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Art\u0131k yorgunluk, modern insana \u00f6zg\u00fc bir nitelik haline gelmi\u015ftir (homo fessus) (1,2).<\/span><\/p>\n Havac\u0131l\u0131kta yorgunluk ICAO tan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re; fiziksel ve zihinsel yo\u011fun u\u011fra\u015f, uzam\u0131\u015f uyan\u0131kl\u0131k s\u00fcresi (uyku yoksunlu\u011fu) ve biyoritim karma\u015fas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bedensel ve zihinsel bir yetmezlik halidir. Pilotun uyan\u0131kl\u0131k halini, durumsal fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, psikomotor performans\u0131n\u0131 ve u\u00e7ak \u00fczerindeki kumanda \/ kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc bozar. Etkileri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden uyu\u015fturucu bir ilaca benzetilmi\u015f olan yorgunluk ve uykusuzluk; dikkati, belle\u011fi, problem \u00e7\u00f6zme, hesap yapma, muhakeme ve karar verme becerilerini azalt\u0131r. Sinyal ka\u00e7\u0131rma, refleks yava\u015flamas\u0131, motor beceri, koordinasyon, g\u00f6rsel keskinlik azalmas\u0131 ve hata art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olabilir\u2026<\/p>\n Yorgunlu\u011fu sadece u\u00e7u\u015f \u00f6ncesi ve u\u00e7u\u015f s\u00fcrecindeki i\u015fy\u00fck\u00fc ile ili\u015fkilendirmek ve b\u00fct\u00fcn performans kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n buna ba\u011flamak do\u011fru de\u011fildir. \u00c7ok katmanl\u0131 bir kavram olan yorgunluk; e\u011fitim, motivasyon ya da irade ile \u00fcstesinden gelinemeyecek fizyolojik bir haldir. Psikososyal sorunlar, stresler, i\u015f tatminsizli\u011fi gibi nedenler ise \u2018kuvvet \u00e7arpan\u0131\u2019 etkisi yaparak yorgunluk alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rabilir. Yorgunlu\u011fun do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde etkiledi\u011fi kazalarda, sadece u\u00e7u\u015f ekipleri de\u011fil, milyonlarca u\u00e7ak yolcusu da can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi riskine girer…<\/p>\n Pilot yorgunlu\u011fu konusu abart\u0131l\u0131yor mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n Sivil havac\u0131l\u0131kta yolcu ve kargo ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere; hava ambulans, arama-kurtarma, yang\u0131n, emniyet, vs. u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 7\/24 esas\u0131na g\u00f6re devam eder. Bu operasyonlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren u\u00e7u\u015f ve yer ekiplerinin \u2018yorgun\u2019 olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi, havac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa a\u015fina olmayan kesim taraf\u0131ndan hafife al\u0131n\u0131r. Kokpitin rahat koltuklar\u0131 ve klimal\u0131 ortam\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan ki\u015fileri, a\u011f\u0131r fiziksel ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131nda, bu yorgunluk s\u00f6yleminin \u2018abart\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u2019 s\u00f6yleyenler olur. Pilotlar\u0131n \u2018\u00e7o\u011fu zaman kokpit cam\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131y\u0131 seyrettikleri\u2019 (pilot spends most of the day looking out the window) bi\u00e7iminde ironiler yap\u0131l\u0131r\u2026 Hastane acil servislerinde ve ameliyathanelerde sa\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 fiziken rahat ettirecek kolayl\u0131klar, nas\u0131l ki bu i\u015flerin yo\u011fun streslerini tel\u00e2fi edemezse; kokpitte bazen kahve i\u00e7ebilen bir pilotun stresinin az oldu\u011funu ve yorulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanmak da yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Gece u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 ve uykusuzlu\u011fun etkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n G\u00fcnl\u00fck biyolojik ritimde v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve adrenalin salg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, Melatonin d\u00fczeyinin ise en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu saatler gece 02-06 aras\u0131d\u0131r. Bu saatlerde fiziksel ve zihinsel performans \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fer (Window of Circadien Low); kaza oranlar\u0131 ise artar. G\u00fcn\u00fcn ikinci en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck profili \u00f6\u011fle sonras\u0131 14-16 saatleri aras\u0131d\u0131r (Siesta vakti). 02-06 saatleri aras\u0131nda, sanki kanda %0,09 oran\u0131nda alkol varm\u0131\u015f gibi bir uyu\u015fukluk olu\u015ftu\u011fu; keza 14-16 saatleri aras\u0131nda da yorgunluk, uykululuk, mikro uyku ve hata art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; bunlar\u0131n da her t\u00fcr kazalar\u0131 artt\u0131rma potansiyelinde oldu\u011fu rapor edilmi\u015ftir. 17 saat boyunca uyan\u0131k ve g\u00f6revde olan bir teknisyen veya pilot, kan\u0131nda %0,05 oran\u0131nda alkol varm\u0131\u015f gibi bir yava\u015flama g\u00f6sterir. 24 saattir uyumayan birisi, kan\u0131nda %0,1 alkol olan ki\u015fiyle e\u015fde\u011fer durumdad\u0131r. Bir gece uyumamak (sleep deprivation) hata oran\u0131n\u0131 4-10 kat; 1 hafta boyunca gecede 2-3 saat uyumak (cumulative sleep loss, sleep debt) ise 3-5 kat artt\u0131r\u0131r (3,4).<\/p>\n Uykuyu sadece s\u00fcreyle de\u011ferlendirmek do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Uykunun kalitesi ve derinli\u011fi s\u00fcreden daha \u00f6nemlidir. K\u00f6t\u00fc uyku veya uykusuzluk zihinsel yava\u015flama, alg\u0131, bellek zafiyeti, iritabilite ve durgunluk gibi bili\u015fsel ve psikolojik bozukluklara neden olur. Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, gece n\u00f6bet\u00e7isi (yorgun ve uykusuz) doktorlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok t\u0131bbi hata yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; pilotlar\u0131n da gece u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131nda dikkat ve odaklanma zafiyeti g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (5).<\/p>\n K\u0131talararas\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015flarda uyku-uyan\u0131kl\u0131k ritminin tersine \u00e7evrilmesi (Jet lag) ve vardiyal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczeni, yorgunluk, uykululuk ve depresyona yol a\u00e7abilir (Shift Work disorder: SWD). 930 kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir anonim anket; shift work nedeniyle kabin memurlar\u0131n\u0131n %47\u2019sinin g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda uykululuk halinden, %63,5\u2019inin yorgunluktan yak\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur (6). Bu bulgular\u0131n pilotlarda da ayn\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n Yorgunlu\u011fun kazalardaki pay\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Yorgunlu\u011fun kazalardaki pay\u0131 \u00f6nceleri yeterince \u00f6nemsenmemi\u015ftir (3); halbuki havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kazalar\u0131n %15-20\u2019sinde yorgunluk sorumlu tutulmaktad\u0131r (7). Nakliye u\u00e7aklar\u0131ndaki kazalar\u0131n %56\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n, u\u00e7u\u015fun en yorgun olunan son %15\u2019lik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde meydana geldi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu paralelde ba\u015fka bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonucuna g\u00f6re kazalar\u0131n %27\u2019si, u\u00e7u\u015f s\u00fcresinin %3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fkil eden son yakla\u015fmada, %20\u2019si de (%1\u2019lik periyod olan) ini\u015fte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Yani toplamda kazalar\u0131n %47\u2019si u\u00e7u\u015fun %4\u2019l\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan son yakla\u015fma ve ini\u015f safhalar\u0131nda olmaktad\u0131r. U\u00e7u\u015fun sadece %1\u2019ini kapsayan kalk\u0131\u015f periyodunda ise kaza olu\u015f oran\u0131 %13 bulunmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak t\u00fcm kazalar\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131, u\u00e7u\u015f s\u00fcresinin %5\u2019lik (ini\u015f ve kalk\u0131\u015f) periyodlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Yorgunluk sadece pilotlar\u0131n de\u011fil, tak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilen emniyetli u\u00e7u\u015f zinciri i\u00e7inde yer alan t\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131n (hava trafik kontrol\u00f6rleri, bak\u0131m teknisyenleri, kabin ekibi, yer g\u00f6revlileri, y\u00f6neticiler, vs) da sorunudur.<\/p>\n Pilot yorgunlu\u011fu \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. \u0130ngiliz Havayolu Pilotlar\u0131 Derne\u011finin (BALPA) 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda 500 yolcu u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 pilotunun kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ankette ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durum \u015f\u00f6yledir: Pilotlar\u0131n %56\u2019s\u0131 kokpitte uyuyakalmakta; her 3 kaptan pilottan biri uyand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman yard\u0131mc\u0131 pilotlar\u0131n\u0131 uyurken bulmaktayd\u0131… Ankete kat\u0131lan pilotlar\u0131n %84\u2019\u00fc son 6 ay i\u00e7inde yorgunluk kaynakl\u0131 olarak performanslar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu durumun u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit eden en b\u00fcy\u00fck fakt\u00f6r oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015flerdi\u2026<\/p>\n 2. Avrupa Kokpit Birli\u011fi (European Cockpit Association-ECA), 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda 8 Avrupa \u00fclkesinden 6 binden fazla pilotun kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131 ve \u201cPilot Fatigue-Barometer\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu raporda, her 5 pilottan d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcn uykusuzluk ve yorgunluktan \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7i oldu\u011fu, %43-54’\u00fcn\u00fcn kokpitte uyuklad\u0131klar\u0131 belirtildi (8).<\/p>\n 3. Ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k 4 g\u00fcn ve 39 saatlik toplam u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00f6revindeki yorgunluk alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yordayan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada; 18 pilot ve 41 kabin memurunun ilk g\u00fcn ile son g\u00fcn, 3\u2019er kez kendileri taraf\u0131ndan doldurulan \u2018Samn-Perelli Fatigue Checklist\u2019 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Beklenen ve ola\u011fan bir bulgu olarak, g\u00f6revin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan yorgunluk skorlar\u0131 g\u00fcn sonuna do\u011fru art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f; tepki zamanlar\u0131, ilerleyen sekt\u00f6rlerde uzam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (9).<\/p>\n 4. Danimarka’n\u0131n Politiken Gazetesi ve Pilotlar Sendikas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya kat\u0131lan 21 pilot, g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde uzun mesai saatleri ya da de\u011fi\u015fik destinasyon ve saatlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bitkin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerini ve yorgun u\u00e7arak yolcular\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye atmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. Ryanair, SAS, Norwegian, Thomas Cook ve EasyJet \u015firketlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pilotlar “Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hatalar b\u00fcy\u00fck veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hatalar ama hepsi de yolcular ve kendi hayat\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in \u00e7ok tehlikeli. \u00d6rne\u011fin yorgunluk nedeniyle telsizde bize verilen talimat\u0131 duymayabiliyoruz. Sa\u011fa d\u00f6n denildi\u011fi zaman sola d\u00f6n\u00fcyoruz. \u0130ni\u015f izni verildi\u011fini bile fark etmeyip ini\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz oluyor\u2026 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerimiz \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in uykumuza almadan, dinlenmeden tekrar g\u00f6reve gidiyoruz. Bir g\u00fcn \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kazalar olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile bile g\u00f6reve gitmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yoruz” ifadelerini kulland\u0131lar. Ankete kat\u0131lan pilotlardan biri de; “Bir g\u00fcn yorgunluk nedeniyle hem yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00fckseklikte hem de yanl\u0131\u015f h\u0131zla u\u00e7mu\u015fum haberim yoktu. Sonra uyar\u0131ld\u0131m ve hatam\u0131 d\u00fczelttim” derken, bir ba\u015fka pilot \u201c\u0130kinci pilota yar\u0131m saat uyuma izni verdim ama bir de bakt\u0131m ki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc pilot da uyumu\u015f kalm\u0131\u015f. Ben de kendimi zor tuttum. Uyusayd\u0131m b\u00fcy\u00fck bir fel\u00e2ket olabilirdi” dedi (10).<\/p>\n 5. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de u\u00e7u\u015f ve yer ekiplerinin yorgunluk sorunsal\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Akademisi taraf\u0131ndan 2012 ve 2013 y\u0131llar\u0131nda iki kez anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; pilotlarla birlikte kabin, ATC ve teknik ekiplerinin de yorgunlu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 Pilotlar \u00c7al\u0131\u015ftay\u2019\u0131nda Kpt.Plt. Engin Aks\u00fct taraf\u0131ndan sunulmu\u015f olan ankette en dikkate de\u011fer bulgulardan biri; yorgunluk nedeniyle u\u00e7u\u015fta k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hatalar\u0131n\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n soruldu\u011fu soruya %82 oran\u0131nda \u2018Evet\u2019 yan\u0131t\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131yd\u0131. Yorgunlu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 hatalar\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015fun hangi safhas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu sorusunda da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, \u2018ini\u015f ve yakla\u015fma periyodu\u2019 (%34,5) olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015fti (11,12).<\/p>\n Yorgunluk Anekdotlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n – Charles Lindbergh\u2019in rekor u\u00e7u\u015fu:<\/strong>\u00a020 May\u0131s 1927 tarihinde \u2018Spirit of St. Louis\u2019 isimli u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla 33,5 saat s\u00fcren tarihi New York-Paris u\u00e7u\u015funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren efsanevi pilot; zaman zaman fark\u0131nda olmadan uykuya dald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Defalarca elleriyle g\u00f6zkapaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, tekerlerin denize de\u011fmesiyle \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc ve su serpintileriyle uyan\u0131p hallusinasyonlar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc…<\/p>\n – Astraeus Airlines Keflavik olay\u0131:<\/strong>\u00a028 Ekim 2007 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130zlanda\u2019da Keflavik Havaalan\u0131na inen Boeing 737 u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 pistten \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 188 yolcusu bulunan u\u00e7akta \u00f6l\u00fcm veya yaralanma olmad\u0131. U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Antalya\u2019dan kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131 gecikmi\u015f, en fazla 16 saat olmas\u0131 gereken UGS, 17 saat 20 dakikaya uzam\u0131\u015f ve ekip iki u\u00e7u\u015f aras\u0131nda yeteri kadar dinlenememi\u015fti. Pist d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f olay\u0131 raporunda; pilotlar\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da hata yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, yorgunlu\u011fun \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n – Colgan Air kazas\u0131:<\/strong>\u00a012 \u015eubat 2009 g\u00fcn\u00fc Colgan Air\u2019in DHC8-400 u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 N. York yak\u0131n\u0131nda Buffalo Niagara Havaalan\u0131na ini\u015f yakla\u015fmas\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Kaptan Florida\u2019dan 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce gelip, pilot odas\u0131nda koltuklar \u00fczerinde uyumu\u015ftu. 2. pilot o g\u00fcn Seattle\u2019dan New Jersey\u2019e gelmi\u015f, jump-seat\u2019de biraz uyumu\u015f olsa da yeterince dinlenememi\u015fti; ayr\u0131ca hasta idi (grip, bron\u015fit). Her ikisi de commuter pilot olarak az kazanmaktayd\u0131lar ve otelde kalmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131; en az 18 saattir dinlendirici bir yatak uykusundan mahrumdular. Gece u\u00e7u\u015fuydu; so\u011fuk, sis ve kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131.\u00a0 U\u00e7akta buzlanma ve stall oldu. Piste 7 mil kala bir evin \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fen u\u00e7akta yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; 2\u2019si pilot 49 ki\u015fi ve yerde 1 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc. FAA raporunda pilotaj hatalar\u0131 ve yorgunlu\u011fun rol\u00fc \u0131srarla vurguland\u0131.<\/p>\n – Qatar Airways pilotlar\u0131n\u0131n isyan\u0131:<\/strong>\u00a0Reuters\u2019in 27 Ocak 2022 tarihli haberinde; pilotlar \u015firketin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerini eksik sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yorgunluk \u015fik\u00e2yetlerini g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011fi iddias\u0131yla, bunun emniyet ihl\u00e2li oldu\u011funu belirtti. ULR u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131n art\u0131k bitkin ekipler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bunun pandemi etkisiyle daha da k\u00f6t\u00fc hale geldi\u011fini, \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015finin i\u015fsiz kalma korkusuyla sessiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bir pilot, “\u0130ni\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda u\u00e7akta 400 yolcuyla uyuyakald\u0131m\u2026 V\u00fccut dinlenmek i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor, g\u00f6zlerinizi a\u00e7\u0131k tutam\u0131yorsunuz!” dedi (13).<\/p>\n Yorgunluk \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n Bir u\u00e7akta bulunan say\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fc ge\u00e7en g\u00f6sterge ve ikaz lambalar\u0131 u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n performans\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler verebilir; ancak s\u00f6z konusu insan oldu\u011funda yorgunluk ve performans \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in kesin g\u00f6stergeler ve matematik form\u00fclasyonlar olu\u015fturmak zordur. Kan ve idrar analizleri; kalp at\u0131m\u0131, EEG, galvanik cilt cevab\u0131, pupilla \u00e7ap\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ve ses frekans analizi, polisomnografi gibi yorgunlu\u011fun ve uykusuzlu\u011fun objektif \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm metotlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yorgunlu\u011fun baz\u0131 biyo-belirte\u00e7lerinin (t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck, g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 ve nefes analizi, kanda Orexin ve N\u00f6ropeptid Y hormonlar\u0131) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ve sanal sistemlerle (Fatigue-meter, Fatigue-analyzer) de\u011ferlendirilmektedir (14,15,16). S\u00fcbjektif yorgunluk de\u011ferlendirmesi i\u00e7in uyku skalalar\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (KSS, SPS, ESS, VAS). Pilotlar\u0131n yorgunluk skorlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek ve rostering d\u00fczenlemesinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere (u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, \u015fiftler, uyku ve dinlenme periyodu gibi parametreleri esas alan) biyo-matematik modeller de geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: Boeing Alertness Model (BAM), Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST), System for Aircrew Fatigue Evaluation (SAFE), Sleep, Activity and Fatigue Task Effectiveness (SAFTE), Fatigue Assessment Tool by InterDynamics (FAID), vs.<\/p>\n Yorgunlu\u011fun \u2018tedavisi\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n Yorgunluk fizyolojik bir durumdur; bir hastal\u0131k de\u011fildir. Ama bir hastal\u0131k kadar problemli ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fundan iyile\u015ftirilmesinde bazen \u2018tedavi\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Do\u011fru terim \u2018yorgunluk y\u00f6netimi\u2019dir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n streslerini, zihinsel ve bedensel y\u00fcklerini azaltmayan, motivasyon y\u00fckseltici tedbirleri de almayan yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fans\u0131 olamaz.<\/p>\n Y\u00f6nergeler:<\/strong>\u00a0Pilotlar\u0131n yorgunluk ve uykululuk problemlerini y\u00f6netmek amac\u0131yla 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llardan beri \u2018U\u00e7u\u015f Zaman\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131rlama\u2019 \u015femalar\u0131 (Flight Time Limitations – FTL) haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (17). Kaptan pilot limite dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda istisnai olarak g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresini biraz uzatabilir; ama u\u00e7u\u015f emniyeti riskinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsa u\u00e7u\u015fu sonland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca Yorgunluk Risk Y\u00f6netimi Sistemi (Fatigue Risk Management System – FRMS) de ihtiya\u00e7 olduk\u00e7a iyile\u015ftirilerek kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. U\u00e7u\u015f emniyeti ba\u011flam\u0131nda iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan (imtina edilemez) kurallar i\u00e7erir. Bu t\u00fcr y\u00f6nergeler<\/p>\n \u0130la\u00e7 deste\u011fi:\u00a0<\/strong>Yorgunlu\u011fun ilac\u0131 yoktur; ama FTL ve FRMS gibi y\u00f6nergeler \u2018re\u00e7etesiz yorgunluk ila\u00e7lar\u0131\u2019 say\u0131l\u0131r. Uykusuzluk i\u00e7in ila\u00e7 alma, u\u00e7u\u015f olmayan g\u00fcnlerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir; ama ertesi g\u00fcn u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00f6revi varsa bunlar \u2018no-go pills\u2019 grubudur. Alkol\u00fcn uyku ilac\u0131 gibi kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; hem uyku kalitesini bozar hem de ge\u00e7 etkileri performans\u0131 olumsuz etkiler. Jet lag uykusuzlu\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan Melatonin de pilotlar i\u00e7in FAA taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015f ila\u00e7lar listesindedir. Kafein ise konvansiyonel bir uyar\u0131c\u0131 ve yorgunluk giderici olarak y\u00fcksek dozlara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmamak ko\u015fuluyla kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Stratejik uykular:<\/strong>\u00a0Uzun u\u00e7u\u015flarda seyir irtifa\u0131na gelindi\u011finde di\u011fer u\u00e7u\u015f ekiplerinin bilgisi dahilinde s\u0131ral\u0131 ve s\u00fcreli uyku pl\u00e2nlamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Zihnen ve bedenen tazelenme hissi veren bu uykular (power napping) \u00e7ok yararl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir u\u00e7u\u015f \u00f6ncesinde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nlem \u015fekerlemesi (prophylactic nap); yorgun bir u\u00e7u\u015ftan sonraki (di\u011fer u\u00e7u\u015f \u00f6ncesindeki) arada yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise iyile\u015ftirici \/ canland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 uyku (recuperative \/ restorative nap) olarak isimlendirilir. Kabaca 40 dakika olan nap uykusunun ilk 5 dakikas\u0131 uyku haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, son 15 dakikas\u0131 da mahmurluk olmak \u00fczere 60 dakika olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gerekir. Pilotlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, u\u00e7u\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda 40 dakikal\u0131k bir \u015fekerlemenin performans\u0131 %34, zindeli\u011fi ise %80 oran\u0131nda artt\u0131rabildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir (18).<\/p>\n Pakistanl\u0131 pilotun dersi:<\/strong>\u00a016 Ocak 2022 g\u00fcn\u00fc Suudi Arabistan’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Riyad’dan Pakistan’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti \u0130slamabad’a gidecek olan Pakistan Havayollar\u0131 (PIA) u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (PK-9754) kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle ertelendi. Kalk\u0131\u015ftan sonra Riyad’a 409 km. uzakl\u0131ktaki Dammam’a u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 indiren pilot, u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi bitti\u011fi i\u00e7in u\u00e7u\u015fa devam edemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Yolcular u\u00e7aktan inmeyi reddederek tepki g\u00f6sterdiyse de PIA s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc; pilotlar\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in dinlenme haklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve t\u00fcm yolculara otelde yer ay\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi (19).<\/p>\n Yazar : Prof. Dr. Muzaffer \u00c7eting\u00fc\u00e7 Yay\u0131nlanma tarihi : 1 Mart 2022 https:\/\/www.airkule.com\/yazar\/YORGUN-PILOT-TEHLIKELI-PILOTTUR\/2776\/ Yorgunluk, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n do\u011fal sonucu oldu\u011fu kadar, insan bedenini dinlenmeye y\u00f6nlendiren bir savunma mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Eski zamanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma temposu insanlar\u0131 zihnen ve bedenen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zorlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yorgunluk kavram\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda \u00e7ok yer tutmazd\u0131. Bat\u0131 dillerine etimolojik olarak giri\u015fi 350 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar gider. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 tempolu, rekabet\u00e7i, t\u00fcketim toplumlar\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3767"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3768,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3767\/revisions\/3768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.airkule.com\/images\/image\/20220301-muzaffer-1.jpg\")
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