{"id":482,"date":"2012-07-14T10:08:52","date_gmt":"2012-07-14T07:08:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=482"},"modified":"2012-07-14T10:08:52","modified_gmt":"2012-07-14T07:08:52","slug":"ucak-kazalarinda-tibbi-ve-psikolojik-destek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=482","title":{"rendered":"U\u00e7ak Kazalar\u0131nda T\u0131bbi ve Psikolojik Destek"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>\u0130nsanlar\u0131n ani ve yo\u011fun streslere (travmalara) maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 kriz ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131ndaki tepkileri, travmatik ya\u015fant\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddetiyle oldu\u011fu kadar, ki\u015filik yap\u0131s\u0131yla da ilgilidir. U\u00e7ak kazas\u0131 gibi durumlarda 4 \u00e7e\u015fit tepki g\u00f6zlenmektedir: Donakalanlar, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nla\u015fanlar, g\u00fcvenlik edebiyat\u0131 yapanlar <\/strong>ve dengesini kaybetmeyenler.<\/strong> Bunlar\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc patolojik, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oland\u0131r. Kritik ya\u015famsal kaza durumlar\u0131nda baz\u0131 insanlar kendini koruma ve kurtarma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde hi\u00e7bir eylemde bulunmadan donakalmakta (katotoni); baz\u0131lar\u0131 ko\u015fu\u015fturma, valiz toplama, sigara i\u00e7me gibi ama\u00e7s\u0131z davran\u0131\u015flar sergilemekte; baz\u0131lar\u0131 da kendilerine bir \u015fey olmayaca\u011f\u0131 sanr\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde bo\u015f konu\u015fmakta, \u00f6nlem almay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemektedir. Genelde profesyonel havac\u0131lar u\u00e7u\u015f streslerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6rece dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131rlar ve \u201cdengesini kaybetmeyenler\u201d grubunda yer al\u0131rlar. U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n anormal durumlar\u0131nda ve kazalarda son ana kadar pani\u011fe kap\u0131lmadan, u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ve i\u00e7indekileri kurtarmak i\u00e7in ellerinden geleni yaparlar. Kaza s\u0131ras\u0131nda kumandalar\u0131 b\u0131rakan, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca davranan pilota rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0130nsani bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla, kokpit ve kabin ekiplerinin de travmatik durumlardan etkilenebilece\u011fi ve korkabilece\u011fi kabul edilir. Ancak profesyonellik, bu ki\u015filerin yolcular\u0131 sakinle\u015ftirme, bilgilendirme ve yard\u0131m etme sorumlulu\u011funu yerine getirmeyi (kriz y\u00f6netimi) ve kendi duygular\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmay\u0131 gerektirir. Kabin ekiplerinin uygulayacaklar\u0131 krize m\u00fcdahale prosed\u00fcr\u00fc ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f ve tatbikatlar\u0131 da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, kaza an\u0131ndaki karga\u015fa i\u00e7inde serinkanl\u0131 davran\u0131labilir. Kazadan sonra ise g\u00f6rev yerdeki krize m\u00fcdahale ekiplerinindir.<\/p>\n

Yolcular genellikle naif ki\u015filerdir; u\u00e7u\u015f g\u00fcvenlik sistemlerini de, do\u011fru davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu da bilmedikleri i\u00e7in, kitlesel histeri ve pani\u011fe girmeye de, dengesiz ve kontrols\u00fcz davranmaya da daha yatk\u0131nd\u0131rlar. B\u00fcy\u00fck kazalardan sa\u011f ve yaral\u0131 kurtulan yolculara t\u0131bbi yard\u0131m yan\u0131nda psikolojik destek de mutlaka yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hatt\u00e2 kazada \u00f6lenlerin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na da psikolojik destek sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ciddi bir psikiyatrik tablo olan travma sonras\u0131 stres bozuklu\u011fu<\/strong> ki\u015fisel ve kitlesel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u015firketin ba\u015farabilece\u011fi bir i\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ulusal sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k kurumunun organizasyonunu, \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flarla anla\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u011fitimli \/ deneyimli kadrolu personelin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Travma sonras\u0131 stres bozuklu\u011fu<\/strong><\/p>\n

2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da d\u00fc\u015fen THY u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda 75 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, 5 ki\u015fi kurtulmu\u015ftu. Kurtulanlardan birinin anlat\u0131m\u0131: \u201cEtraf yang\u0131n yeri gibiydi; dumanlar i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcler,\u00a0 yaral\u0131lar\u0131n feryatlar\u0131, inleyenler, dua edenler\u2026U\u00e7aktan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015f, kalanlar da yan\u0131yordu. Sa\u011f kalan birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi \u015fa\u015fk\u0131n halde birbirimize nerede oldu\u011fumuzu, sava\u015f m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 soruyorduk; olan biteni hat\u0131rlayam\u0131yorduk\u2026<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck travmalar her insan\u0131 az veya \u00e7ok etkiler. Travmatik durumlar\u0131 takiben akut veya kronik olarak geli\u015fen bu klinik tablonun belirtileri \u015funlard\u0131r: Uykusuzluk, flash-back\u2019ler, k\u00e2buslar, a\u011flama, \u00e7arp\u0131nt\u0131, titreme, v\u00fccut a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131, ne\u015fesizlik, huzursuzluk, duygusal k\u00fcntl\u00fck, toplumdan \u00e7ekilme, \u00f6fke patlamalar\u0131, alkol-sigara-kahve t\u00fcketimi art\u0131\u015f\u0131 vs. Bu ki\u015filere uzun s\u00fcreli psikoterapi ve gerekiyorsa ila\u00e7 tedavisi deste\u011fi verilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada neler yap\u0131l\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Meksika Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Otoritesi emergency durumlarda uygulama zorunlulu\u011fu olan bir prosed\u00fcr geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu prosed\u00fcrde \u201ckazalara \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olunmas\u0131 ve kriz pl\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi<\/em>\u201d \u00f6zellikle vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Amerikan Deniz Kuvvetlerinde, nerede bir kaza olursa oraya psikiyatrik destek i\u00e7in ivedilikle g\u00f6nderilen Mobil Psikiyatrik Yard\u0131m Timi <\/strong>vard\u0131r. Kanada\u2019da ise kaza sonras\u0131 t\u0131bbi ve psikolojik destek i\u00e7in 365 g\u00fcn \/ 24 saat haz\u0131r olan bir \u015firket (Mega Assistance Services Inc<\/em><\/strong>) bulunmaktad\u0131r. 2005 A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Toronto\u2019da d\u00fc\u015fen Air France u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131na hemen yard\u0131ma ko\u015fmu\u015f olan bu \u015firket, yerel otoritelerin de bilgi ve deste\u011fi ile yaral\u0131lara ve \u00f6len yolcu yak\u0131nlar\u0131na destek olmu\u015ftur. Yaral\u0131lar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131, hangi hastanede ya da otelde olduklar\u0131, \u00f6lenlerin nerede bulunduklar\u0131, \u00f6zel e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n nerede tutuldu\u011fu, medya kanal\u0131yla kamunun bilgilendirilmesi gibi ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. B\u00f6ylesine kaotik ortamlarda ivedi somut \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretebilmek ve bunu kazadan sonraki uzun periyotlarda da devam ettirmek gerekir. Bu kazadan, kriz y\u00f6netim merkezinin fel\u00e2ketin oldu\u011fu yerde kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n daha yararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu dersi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Haz\u0131rlayan: <\/strong>Do\u00e7.Dr. Muzaffer \u00c7eting\u00fc\u00e7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n ani ve yo\u011fun streslere (travmalara) maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 kriz ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131ndaki tepkileri, travmatik ya\u015fant\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddetiyle oldu\u011fu kadar, ki\u015filik yap\u0131s\u0131yla da ilgilidir. U\u00e7ak kazas\u0131 gibi durumlarda 4 \u00e7e\u015fit tepki g\u00f6zlenmektedir: Donakalanlar, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nla\u015fanlar, g\u00fcvenlik edebiyat\u0131 yapanlar ve dengesini kaybetmeyenler. Bunlar\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc patolojik, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 oland\u0131r. Kritik ya\u015famsal kaza durumlar\u0131nda baz\u0131 insanlar kendini koruma ve kurtarma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde hi\u00e7bir eylemde bulunmadan donakalmakta (katotoni); baz\u0131lar\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=482"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":484,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482\/revisions\/484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=482"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=482"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}