{"id":753,"date":"2012-07-28T11:31:51","date_gmt":"2012-07-28T08:31:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=753"},"modified":"2012-07-28T11:31:51","modified_gmt":"2012-07-28T08:31:51","slug":"sivil-havacilikta-yer-ekiplerinin-yaralanmali-ve-olumlu-kazalari-1983-2004","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=753","title":{"rendered":"Sivil havac\u0131l\u0131kta yer ekiplerinin yaralanmal\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kazalar\u0131 (1983\u20132004)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"\"<\/a>U\u00e7u\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 genellikle u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen kazalar \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00e2lbuki kazalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de yerde vuku bulmakta, yer ekibinden yaralanan ve \u00f6lenler olmaktad\u0131r. Hava alanlar\u0131ndaki taksi yollar\u0131, rampa ve u\u00e7ak park alanlar\u0131, yer g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in tehlikeli ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u00e7evre olu\u015fturur. Kazalar genellikle u\u00e7aklar\u0131n pist ve aprondaki hareketleri veya rampa manevralar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda olur; bazen de di\u011fer ara\u00e7lar\u0131n u\u00e7aklara ve insanlara \u00e7arpmas\u0131yla meydana gelir. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde sadece 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda 9.9 milyon u\u00e7ak kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur ve bunlar\u0131n emniyetli bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinde yer ekiplerinin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rolleri, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda da y\u00fcklendikleri riskleri vard\u0131r (1). ABD havac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yerdeki kazalar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi kay\u0131p (yaralanma ve \u00f6l\u00fcmler hari\u00e7) y\u0131lda 3-4 milyar dolar tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kazalar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131; insan hatas\u0131, sistem hatas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresel unsurlard\u0131r. \u0130nsan hatas\u0131, en geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 konudur. Sistem hatas\u0131 ise mekanik, teknik ve elektronik ar\u0131zalar\u0131 kapsar; ancak titiz incelemeler, sistem hatas\u0131n\u0131n da insan hatas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ayn\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00e7evresel unsurlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. U\u00e7u\u015f hatlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015filer insan ve sistem hatalar\u0131 yan\u0131nda, a\u00e7\u0131k alandaki ya\u011fmur, kar, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak veya so\u011fuk gibi \u00e7evresel etmenler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kazaya yatk\u0131n hale gelirler; inen, kalkan veya kalk\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan u\u00e7aklar\u0131n, ayr\u0131ca yerdeki di\u011fer ara\u00e7lar\u0131n bir zaman bask\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde hareket ediyor olmalar\u0131 da riski artt\u0131r\u0131r (2).<\/p>\n

Havaalanlar\u0131ndaki yer ekibi kazalar\u0131na ait ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ihmal edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130srail\u2019den gelen ve 1988-1992 aras\u0131ndaki 5 y\u0131l\u0131 kapsayan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, 2 bin yer g\u00f6revlisinin 3 g\u00fcn ve daha uzun s\u00fcre i\u015ften kalmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir nitelikteki kazalar\u0131 incelenmi\u015ftir. Kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en 523 kazada \u00f6len olmam\u0131\u015f, y\u0131ll\u0131k kaza oran\u0131n\u0131n % 5,2 oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. En \u00e7oktan aza do\u011fru; a) kayma-d\u00fc\u015fme, b) kald\u0131rma-ta\u015f\u0131ma, c) yanma-elektrik \u00e7arpmas\u0131-kimyasal madde, d) ara\u00e7 kazalar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde bir s\u0131ralanma olmu\u015ftur (2).<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de yap\u0131lan ve 1983\u20132004 periyodunu (22 y\u0131l\u0131) kapsayan geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck bir ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, yaralanmayla sonu\u00e7lanan 80 kazay\u0131 ele almakta ve \u00e7ok daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme sunmaktad\u0131r (1).<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kapsam\u0131: <\/strong>Pistte hareket eden veya park halinde bulunan u\u00e7aklar\u0131n, yer ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, teknik ekipman\u0131n kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazalar dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filer ise, NTSB\u2019ye rapor edilecek kadar ciddi yaralanmas\u0131 olan kargo ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, yak\u0131t ikmal personeli, u\u00e7ak ve donan\u0131m servis\u00e7ileri, bak\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri, kar temizleyicileri ve havac\u0131l\u0131k m\u00fcfetti\u015fleridir.<\/p>\n

Bulgular:<\/strong> 22 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde, yaralanmayla sonu\u00e7lanan 80 kazada 98 yer personeli yaralanm\u0131\u015f (36 a\u011f\u0131r, 41 hafif), 21\u2019i \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yer ekibinin kazadan zarar g\u00f6rme oran\u0131, her 1 milyon u\u00e7ak kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in 0.47\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

\u2014 80 yer kazas\u0131ndan % 75\u2019i b\u00fcy\u00fck ticari hava yolu u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131nda olmu\u015f, % 59\u2019u u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n
\nzarar g\u00f6rmesiyle, % 26\u2019s\u0131 yer m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Kazalar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi (% 64) kalk\u0131\u015f u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131ndan meydana gelmi\u015f, % 49\u2019u u\u00e7ak pistte hareket halindeyken olmu\u015ftur. Kalk\u0131\u015f \u00f6ncesi daha yo\u011fun olan aktiviteler (son dakika bagaj y\u00fcklemeleri, buz giderme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tamir ve kontroller vs.) yer ekibinin u\u00e7ak \u00e7evresinde tela\u015fl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde dola\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir ve kazalar bu s\u0131rada olur.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Kazalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu hafta i\u00e7i, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir meteorolojik ko\u015fullarda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

A. \u00d6l\u00fcml\u00fc Kazalar
\n\u2014 21 \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kazadan 10\u2019u pervane \u00e7arpmas\u0131ndan, 6\u2019s\u0131 ara\u00e7 \u00e7arpmas\u0131ndan (ba\u015fka u\u00e7ak, bagaj, yemek, polis arabalar\u0131, yak\u0131t tankerleri), 3\u2019\u00fc a\u011f\u0131r u\u00e7ak ekipman\u0131ndan yaralanarak olmu\u015ftur. Bir mekanik\u00e7i u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kuyru\u011funa d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mdan (u\u00e7a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 kulakl\u0131k kablosu yoluyla \u00e7arp\u0131larak), di\u011fer bir mekanik\u00e7i de fazla \u015fi\u015firilen teker lasti\u011finin patlamas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u2014 \u00d6lenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu (% 38), i\u015faret\u00e7i, takozcu, kanat\u00e7\u0131 ve u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 iten-\u00e7eken tug operat\u00f6rleri gibi u\u00e7ak \u00e7evresinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 u\u00e7akla kablolu ileti\u015fim sa\u011flarken ve fi\u015f tak\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken pilotlar taraf\u0131ndan fark edilmeyerek, teker alt\u0131nda kalmak gibi kazalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Yer ekibinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanan kazalar\u0131n % 35\u2019i k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hava yolu ve hava taksi \u015firketlerinde ya\u015fan\u0131rken, bu oran b\u00fcy\u00fck havayolu \u015firketlerinde g\u00f6rece azd\u0131r: % 23.<\/p>\n

\u2014 \u00d6l\u00fcml\u00fc 21 yer kazas\u0131ndan 17\u2019si (% 81) u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda, di\u011fer 4\u2019\u00fc (% 19) ise ini\u015fte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

B. Yaralanmal\u0131 Kazalar
\n\u2014 59 kazan\u0131n 25\u2019i (% 74) ciddi-a\u011f\u0131r, 9\u2019u (% 26) hafif yaralanmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Yaralananlar\u0131n % 27\u2019si meydanda ara\u00e7 kullanan s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerdir.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Bu kazalarda u\u00e7aklar da zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: 1 u\u00e7ak tamamen yanm\u0131\u015f, 3 u\u00e7ak hafif, 10 u\u00e7ak da \u00f6nemli derecede hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Yaralanma nedenleri<\/p>\n

Ara\u00e7 \u00e7arpmas\u0131: 34, pervane \u00e7arpmas\u0131: 20, kanat\u00e7\u0131\u2019lar\u0131n ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n burun tekeri alt\u0131nda ezilmesi: 8, jet egzoz alevi \/ r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131: 6, yang\u0131n: 3<\/p>\n

\u00d6nlem ve \u00f6neriler:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Ekipman tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yer ekibi yaralanmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilmesi. \u00d6rne\u011fin kulakl\u0131k kablolar\u0131 u\u00e7a\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, pilotun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda (u\u00e7ak alt\u0131nda) g\u00f6rev yapan personelin ezilme ve pervane \u00e7arpma olaylar\u0131 fazla iken, telsiz telefon sistemi sayesinde bu t\u00fcr kazalar \u00e7ok azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2. Disiplin. Kazalar, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin prosed\u00fcrlere uymamas\u0131, dikkatlerinin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yetersiz e\u011fitim gibi nedenlerle olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r; \u00f6zellikle pervane \u00e7arpmas\u0131 kazalar\u0131nda bu \u00fc\u00e7 unsur \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

3. Taxiway Operator Planning-TOP. Kalk\u0131\u015f \u00f6ncesi apron \u00fczerindeki yo\u011fun hareketlilik y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kazalar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi u\u00e7aklar\u0131n kalk\u0131\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. Havaalanlar\u0131nda u\u00e7ak d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ara\u00e7 trafi\u011fini en verimli \u015fekilde kontrol etmenin bir metodu olarak \u00f6nem kazanan TOP, g\u00fcvenlik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde yapmaktad\u0131r;
\n\u2014 yer durum muhakemesi (ground situational awareness) geli\u015fimi,<\/p>\n

\u2014 yer g\u00f6revlilerinin i\u015fbirli\u011finin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

\u2014 disiplinsiz yer ara\u00e7 s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

\u2014 yer ara\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve aprondaki hareketlili\u011finin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131. <
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaynaklar: <\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Grabowski JG, Baker SP, Li G. Ground crew injuries and fatalities in U.S. commercial aviation, 1983\u20132004. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76:1007-11<\/p>\n

2. Ribak J, Cline B, Froom P. Common accidents among airport ground personel. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995;66:1188-90<\/p>\n

Haz\u0131rlayan: <\/strong>Do\u00e7. Dr. Muzaffer \u00c7eting\u00fc\u00e7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

U\u00e7u\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 genellikle u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n u\u00e7u\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen kazalar \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00e2lbuki kazalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de yerde vuku bulmakta, yer ekibinden yaralanan ve \u00f6lenler olmaktad\u0131r. Hava alanlar\u0131ndaki taksi yollar\u0131, rampa ve u\u00e7ak park alanlar\u0131, yer g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in tehlikeli ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u00e7evre olu\u015fturur. Kazalar genellikle u\u00e7aklar\u0131n pist ve aprondaki hareketleri veya rampa manevralar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda olur; bazen de di\u011fer ara\u00e7lar\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=753"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":755,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/753\/revisions\/755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}