{"id":913,"date":"2012-08-09T12:17:30","date_gmt":"2012-08-09T09:17:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=913"},"modified":"2012-08-09T12:17:30","modified_gmt":"2012-08-09T09:17:30","slug":"turk-sivil-havacilik-sistemi-ve-emniyet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=913","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sistemi ve Emniyet"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"\"<\/a>Maalesef T\u00fcrk Havac\u0131l\u0131k Camias\u0131 2003 y\u0131l\u0131na iyi ba\u015flamad\u0131. 08\/01\/2003 tarihinde ulusal havayolu i\u015fletmemiz THY\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaza haberi t\u00fcm ulusumuzu \u00fczd\u00fc. Bizler, T\u00fcrk Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ise eminim \u00e7ok daha fazla \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fck. En b\u00fcy\u00fck dile\u011fimiz bundan b\u00f6yle bu t\u00fcr ac\u0131 olaylar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ya\u015famamam\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fakat unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki insano\u011flunun i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu t\u00fcm faaliyetlerde az ya da \u00e7ok risk vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerinde, ve do\u011fal olarak hava ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetlerinde risk olmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Risk bir olas\u0131l\u0131k, insano\u011flu faaliyetleri de riskli oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re u\u00e7u\u015f faaliyetinin oldu\u011fu yerde kaza da olabilir. Belirli bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan u\u00e7u\u015f faaliyetlerinde \u201chi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde kaza olmayacakt\u0131r, ya da kaza olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r\u201d demek maalesef pek de bilimsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olmaz. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, T\u00fcrk Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sistemindeki kazalar\u0131 so\u011fukkanl\u0131l\u0131k ile kar\u015f\u0131lamal\u0131y\u0131z. \u00d6nemli olan s\u00f6z konusu riskin en aza indirilmesi ve emniyetin y\u00f6netilmesidir.<\/p>\n

THY\u2019nin Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019daki kazas\u0131ndan sonra yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve g\u00f6rsel bas\u0131nda pek \u00e7o\u011fu bilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan uzak, acelecilik i\u00e7inde ve sadece olay\u0131n en son a\u015famas\u0131na, yani pilotlara, havaalan\u0131 donan\u0131m\u0131na ve meteorolojik fakt\u00f6rlere odaklan\u0131larak de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Oysa pilotlar ve di\u011ferleri belki de bir hatalar zincirinin en son halkas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyorlar. Bu olay kapsam\u0131nda as\u0131l dikkat \u00e7ekilmesi gereken \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli iki konu var: 1- T\u00fcrk Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sistemi, 2-\u0130nsan Fakt\u00f6rleri Programlar\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Duyars\u0131zl\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Kazan\u0131n en son a\u015famas\u0131ndaki olaylara g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 bizleri k\u0131s\u0131r, fakir sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6t\u00fcrecektir. Elbette havaalan\u0131 donan\u0131m\u0131 kazada etken bir fakt\u00f6r olabilir. Fakat ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6yleyse havaalan\u0131 donan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz kalmas\u0131na neden olan fakt\u00f6rler de ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Elbette pilotlar zay\u0131f bir de\u011ferlendirme (poor judgement) sonucunda yanl\u0131\u015f bir karar ile ini\u015fi denemi\u015f olabilirler. Fakat ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6yleyse pilotlar\u0131n neden zay\u0131f bir de\u011ferlendirme yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ya da belki de sis en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr, bu durumda havaalan\u0131n\u0131n neden b\u00f6ylesine sorunlu bir b\u00f6lgeye yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamak gerekir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle olay\u0131n arkas\u0131nda yatan, kolayca fark edilemeyen as\u0131l etken fakt\u00f6rler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Havac\u0131l\u0131k kazalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeyi ger\u00e7ekten istiyorsak olaylara sistem yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile bakmal\u0131 ve t\u00fcm sistemi sorgulamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sistemi E\u011fitim, Y\u00f6netim (yerel-SHGM gibi, b\u00f6lgesel-JAA gibi, ve k\u00fcresel d\u00fczenleyici ICAO gibi), \u00dcretim ve Bak\u0131m, Hava Trafik Kontrol ve Hava Seyr\u00fcsefer, Havaalan\u0131, Bilgi ve Haberle\u015fme gibi alt sistemlerden olu\u015fur. Hatta sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sistemleri \u00fclkelerin Askeri Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sistemleri ile de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fim i\u00e7indedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin kazan\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fi Diyarbak\u0131r Havaalan\u0131 asl\u0131nda askeri bir meydand\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak alt sistemlerden tek birisi dahi istenildi\u011fi gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz ise hi\u00e7bir eksikli\u011fi ve su\u00e7u olmayan di\u011fer alt sistemlerin etkinli\u011fi de azalarak emniyetin tehlikeye girmesine neden olabilecektir. Yani s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insan hatas\u0131 kazaya neden olabilir. Kaza k\u0131r\u0131m incelemeleri e\u011fer t\u00fcm sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sistemini sorgulayan bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrse ancak o zaman dolayl\u0131 ya da dolays\u0131z t\u00fcm kaza fakt\u00f6rleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. E\u011fer bizler bu fakt\u00f6rleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131karamaz isek her zaman riskli olan havac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerinde emniyeti y\u00f6netemeyiz. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrk Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sisteminin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli sorunlar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bunlar havac\u0131l\u0131k emniyetini tehdit etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Dikkatlerin toplanmas\u0131 gereken di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bir konu ise sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sisteminin en \u00f6nemli kayna\u011f\u0131 olan insan ve sistemi \u00f6nemli bir bi\u00e7imde etkileyen insan fakt\u00f6rleridir. Havac\u0131l\u0131k kazalar\u0131 ile ilgili yap\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma insan hatalar\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekten de kazalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu insan hatalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde hata da vard\u0131r. Ama s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen bu insanlar, pek \u00e7ok zaman yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sadece pilotlar olarak alg\u0131lanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sisteminin alt sistemlerindeki hatalar di\u011fer alt sistemleri de etkiledi\u011fine g\u00f6re, ve bu alt sistemlerin en \u00f6nemli kayna\u011f\u0131 da yine insan oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sistemindeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insan hatas\u0131 hi\u00e7 umulmad\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde kaza nedeni olabilir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer risk ve insan hatas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ise bu t\u00fcr olaylara \u201cinsan fakt\u00f6rleri \u2013 human factors programs\u201d kapsam\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu paralelde, havac\u0131l\u0131k emniyeti alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n son y\u0131llarda en \u00e7ok odakland\u0131klar\u0131 nokta \u201chata y\u00f6netim modelleri\u201ddir. Bu modeller t\u00fcm sistemi sorgular ve kazalar ile ilgili insan fakt\u00f6rlerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k sisteminin t\u00fcm unsurlar\u0131nda gerekli d\u00fczeltmelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131 do\u011far. Genel olarak bir fikir verebilmek amac\u0131yla \u015eekil-1\u2019de s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan bir hata modeline yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil-1\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi kazalar sadece bak\u0131m personeli, pilot ya da hava trafik kontrol\u00f6r\u00fc gibi, faaliyet s\u00fcrecinin en sonunda bulunan ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, as\u0131l i\u015fi yapan ki\u015filerden kaynaklanmaz. Bu ki\u015filerin emniyeti tehlikeye atan hareketlerinin (ya da hareketsizlikleri) arkas\u0131nda kolayca g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7abilen pek \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin kurumun \u201cemniyet k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc yerle\u015ftirememi\u015f olmas\u0131, ya da uyulmas\u0131 gereken prosed\u00fcrleri olu\u015fturmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, ya da sivil havac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetlerini d\u00fczenleyen otoritenin uygun standartlar\u0131 belirlememi\u015f olmas\u0131 gibi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fanan havac\u0131l\u0131k kazalar\u0131nda ve tehlikeli olaylarda (incident) bu t\u00fcr hata modellerinin uygulanmas\u0131 kazalara neden olan ger\u00e7ek fakt\u00f6rlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na ve gerekli \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Bunun en \u00f6nemli yollar\u0131ndan birisi de sekt\u00f6r ve \u00fcniversitelerin birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak bilgi, beceri ve deneyimlerini bir araya getirmeleri, sinerji yaratmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u0130ZL\u0130 ve POTANS\u0130YEL SORUNLAR – BA\u015eARISIZLIKLAR
\n<\/strong>
\n1)\u00d6RG\u00dcTSEL ETK\u0130LER<\/p>\n

– Kaynak Y\u00f6netimi
\n– \u00d6rg\u00fctsel \u0130klim
\n– \u00d6rg\u00fct \u0130\u00e7i S\u00fcre\u00e7ler<\/p>\n

2)EMN\u0130YETS\u0130Z G\u00d6ZET\u0130M&DENET\u0130M<\/p>\n

– Uygun olmayan G\u00f6zetim&Denetim
\n– Uygun Olmayan Uygulamalar
\n– Problemlerin D\u00fczeltilmemesi
\n– G\u00f6zetim&Denetim \u0130hlalleri<\/p>\n

3)EMN\u0130YETS\u0130Z HAREKETLER\u0130 HAZIRLAYAN \u00d6N KO\u015eULLAR<\/p>\n

– Ki\u015finin Standartlara Uymayan \u015eartlar\u0131
\nUygun olmayan zihinsel durumlar
\nUygun olmayan fizyolojik durumlar
\nFiziksel ve zihinsel s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar
\n– Ki\u015finin Standartlara Uymayan Uygulamalar\u0131
\nCRM
\nKi\u015fisel<\/p>\n

AKT\u0130F SORUNLAR – BA\u015eARISIZLIKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

4)EMN\u0130YETS\u0130Z HAREKETLER<\/p>\n

\u2013 Hatalar
\n\uf0d8 Becerilere \u0130li\u015fkin Hatalar
\n\uf0d8 Kararlara \u0130li\u015fkin Hatalar
\n\uf0d8 Alg\u0131lamaya \u0130li\u015fkin Hatalar
\n\u2013 \u0130hlaller
\n\uf0d8 Rutin \u0130hlaller
\n\uf0d8 Ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130hlaller<\/p>\n

5)KAZA<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eekil-1.<\/strong> REASON \u0130NSAN HATASI Y\u00d6NET\u0130M MODEL\u0130
\nKaynak: Scot A. Shappell, Douglas A. Wiegmann \u201cHuman Factors Analysis and Classification System\u201d, Flight Safety Digest (\u015eubat 2001).<\/p>\n

Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Ender GEREDE<\/p>\n

Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k Y\u00fcksekokulu, \u0130ki Eyl\u00fcl Kampusu 26470 Eski\u015fehir Tel: 0222 21.35.50 \/ \u0130\u00e7 hat: 6966
\ne-posta: egerede@anadolu.edu.tr<\/p>\n

\nBu yaz\u0131 G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc Haberci Dergisinin 2003\/2. say\u0131s\u0131nda (sayfa 36-37) yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Maalesef T\u00fcrk Havac\u0131l\u0131k Camias\u0131 2003 y\u0131l\u0131na iyi ba\u015flamad\u0131. 08\/01\/2003 tarihinde ulusal havayolu i\u015fletmemiz THY\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaza haberi t\u00fcm ulusumuzu \u00fczd\u00fc. Bizler, T\u00fcrk Havac\u0131l\u0131k Sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ise eminim \u00e7ok daha fazla \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fck. En b\u00fcy\u00fck dile\u011fimiz bundan b\u00f6yle bu t\u00fcr ac\u0131 olaylar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ya\u015famamam\u0131zd\u0131r. Fakat unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki insano\u011flunun i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu t\u00fcm faaliyetlerde az ya da \u00e7ok risk vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, sivil […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/913","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=913"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/913\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":915,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/913\/revisions\/915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=913"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=913"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=913"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}