{"id":946,"date":"2012-08-11T11:12:57","date_gmt":"2012-08-11T08:12:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=946"},"modified":"2012-08-11T11:12:57","modified_gmt":"2012-08-11T08:12:57","slug":"uzayda-psikoloji-ve-psikiyatri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/?p=946","title":{"rendered":"Uzayda psikoloji ve psikiyatri"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Uzay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n teknolojik y\u00f6n\u00fc hep \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek ivmeli bir u\u00e7u\u015fla yer\u00e7ekimsiz bir ortama giden, dar ve kapal\u0131 bir ara\u00e7 i\u00e7inde al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren insan\u0131n maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bedensel ve ruhsal stresler, naif insanlar\u0131 uzay hekimleri kadar kayg\u0131land\u0131rmaz. NASA bile uzay u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131ndaki psikolojik-psikiyatrik sorunlara yeterince \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fini itiraf etmi\u015ftir. Bu tutum, bir taraftan uzay m\u00fchendisli\u011finin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 teknik ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n insan\u0131 g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakmas\u0131yla, di\u011fer taraftan, sofistike se\u00e7im ve e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7erek astronot olabilen se\u00e7kin askeri jet pilotlar\u0131n\u0131n stres toleranslar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olu\u015fuyla ilgilidir. Ger\u00e7ekten de deneyimli askeri pilotlar\u0131n incinmezli\u011fine ve her sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zebilecek yetide olduklar\u0131na dair yayg\u0131n bir inan\u00e7 vard\u0131r (13). Ancak farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr, milliyet ve cinsten, ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fmayan, pilot ve asker olmayan (bilim adam\u0131, yolcu) ki\u015filerin birlikte bulundu\u011fu MIR ve ISS (Uluslararas\u0131 Uzay \u0130stasyonu) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda psikiyatrik problemler dikkat \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrmesi beklenen ve bir sorun y\u00fcz\u00fcnden geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn \u00e7ok zor olaca\u011f\u0131 Mars yolculuklar\u0131yla ilgili kayg\u0131lardan birisi de budur. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte uzay u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131nda k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 unsur teknik konular iken, art\u0131k insana ait fizyolojik, t\u0131bbi ve psikiyatrik konular olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Uzayda Fizyolojik ve T\u0131bbi Sorunlar: <\/strong>Astronot ve kozmonotlar akselerasyon, yer\u00e7ekimsizlik, kozmik radyasyon gibi fizik etkilere maruz kal\u0131rlar; do\u011fal gece-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7evrimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015faman\u0131n, vestib\u00fcler ve proprioseptif sistem yan\u0131lg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oryantasyon bozuklu\u011fu<\/strong> ile zorlan\u0131rlar. \u0130lk 1 hafta astronotlar\u0131n % 44-67\u2019sinde uzay tutmas\u0131<\/strong>na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fiddetli kusmalar olur. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k<\/strong> y\u00fcz\u00fcnden v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n alt b\u00f6lgelerden \u00fcst b\u00f6lgelere do\u011fru yay\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu; t\u0131kal\u0131 burun, \u015fi\u015fkin y\u00fcz, leylek bacak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/em> ve kalp damar sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 geli\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Yer\u00e7ekimsizli\u011fin bir di\u011fer sonucu olarak, a\u011f\u0131zdan al\u0131nan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n midedeki hareketi, ba\u011f\u0131rsaklardaki emilimi ve karaci\u011ferdeki metabolizmas\u0131 yava\u015flar, kanda proteine ba\u011flanma ve b\u00f6breklerden itrah s\u00fcrecinde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olur; bu da, ila\u00e7lar\u0131n uzay ortam\u0131ndaki etki s\u00fcresi, yan etkileri ve biyoyararlan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Kas atrofileri, kemiklerde kalsium kayb\u0131, ortostatik intolerans, ba\u015fa\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olur. Uzun uzay u\u00e7u\u015fu sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya d\u00f6nen ki\u015filer yard\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fcyemezler (1,5,11,12).<\/p>\n

Psikolojik Problemler:<\/strong> Uzaydaki insan sonsuz karanl\u0131k ve derin bir sessizlik i\u00e7inde y\u00fczmekte, dar bir kaps\u00fcl i\u00e7inde mahsur bulunmaktad\u0131r. Aidiyet hissetti\u011fi ve sevdi\u011fi her \u015feyinin, d\u00fcn, bug\u00fcn ve yar\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da nokta gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir gezegende kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve oradan gittik\u00e7e uzakla\u015fmakta oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekle tarifi zor duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ya\u015far (kopma fenomeni<\/strong>). Gece-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz-mevsim ritimleri ve zaman alg\u0131s\u0131 bozulmu\u015f, d\u0131\u015f uyaranlar azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (sensory deprivation<\/strong>). Silinerek banyo yapma, t\u00fcpten beslenme, kemerlerle ba\u011flanarak veya ped kullanarak tuvalet ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 giderme, tulumlar i\u00e7inde uyuma, cinsellikten uzak kalma, \u00f6zel ya\u015fam, ki\u015fisel b\u00f6lge ve mahremiyetini kaybetme, ar\u0131za-kaza vs nedenlerle geri d\u00f6nememe ve \u00f6l\u00fcm olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanlar i\u00e7in pani\u011fi, depresyonu, intihar\u0131, somatoform bozukluklar\u0131, hallusinasyon ve hezeyanlarla birlikte psikozu ba\u015flatabilecek son derecede m\u00fcsait bir psikoloji yarat\u0131r. Sadece bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 uzay giysileri i\u00e7inde bulunmak bile klostrofobi ve panik olu\u015fturmaya yeter. Yer\u00e7ekimsizlik<\/strong>, \u00f6fori, yabanc\u0131la\u015fma, \u00e7aresizlik, heyecan ve davran\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131; uzay tutmas\u0131<\/strong>, deh\u015fet hissi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r (3,5,12).<\/p>\n

Astronotlar\u0131n uzun uzay g\u00f6revlerinde psikolojik diren\u00e7 ve tepkilerini belirlemek amac\u0131yla uzay analogu say\u0131lan Antarktika\u2019da, \u00e7\u00f6llerde, havuzlarda, denizalt\u0131larda ve parabolik u\u00e7u\u015flarda testler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, birlikte uzun otomobil yolculuklar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak g\u00f6zlenmi\u015flerdir. Astronotlu\u011fa uygun ki\u015filik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirlemekte kullan\u0131lan testler ise PCI, NEO-FFI\u2019dir (8).<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 astronot ve kozmonotlar, i\u015f yo\u011funlu\u011fu, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bitkinlik ve fazla strese ba\u011fl\u0131 performans d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u201cki\u015fisel ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirip, yard\u0131m istemezler ve direnmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar (2). Di\u011fer taraftan, uzay yolculu\u011fu gibi \u00e7ok zorlu ve ya\u015famsal risk ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015fleri ba\u015faran ki\u015filerde salutogenezis<\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir yetinin olu\u015ftu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Bu kavram, ba\u015f edilen streslerin, sonraki streslerle daha iyi ba\u015f etme becerisi ve psikolojik diren\u00e7 kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Gizemli ve heyecanl\u0131 bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n akt\u00f6r\u00fc, elit bir grubun \u00fcyesi olma, toplumsal \u00f6vg\u00fcler alma gibi doyumlar, uzay adamlar\u0131n\u0131n stresini azaltan unsurlar olmal\u0131d\u0131r (5,13). Uzay deneyimi ya\u015fayan baz\u0131 astronotlar\u0131n, ruhsal dengelerinde ve ailevi ili\u015fkilerinde bozulmalar oldu\u011fu (E.Aldrin) da, evrenin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcce, d\u00fcnya, Tanr\u0131 ve ya\u015fam\u0131n anlam\u0131 \u00fczerinde filozof\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere dald\u0131klar\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (6,14).<\/p>\n

Psikiyatrik Problemler:<\/strong> Uzay ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131nda ihmale u\u011frayan psikiyatrik bozukluklar, milyarlarca dolar harcanarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen projeleri bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karabilme potansiyelindedir. Mars seyahati i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131, oraya gidecek arac\u0131 yapabilmek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, bu arac\u0131n i\u00e7inde 2-3 y\u0131l ya\u015fayabilecek uygun insanlar\u0131 se\u00e7mek ve onlar\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 tutabilmek belki daha \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Antarktika\u2019daki deneklerin % 85\u2019inde depresif, % 65\u2019inde \u00f6fke, % 60\u2019\u0131nda uyku ve % 53\u2019\u00fcnde bili\u015fsel bozukluklar g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Uzay istasyonlar\u0131nda uzun izolasyon denemelerine \u00f6nem veren ve rekoru 800 g\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karan Ruslar, \u00f6nemli bilgiler elde etmi\u015flerdir. Kozmonotlar\u0131n zihinsel ve fiziksel bitkinlik, \u00e7abucak g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015fmek, dengesiz miza\u00e7, irritabilite, uyar\u0131 e\u015fi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve uyku bozukluklar\u0131 gibi yak\u0131nmalar\u0131, uzay astenisi<\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir kozmonot telsiz ileti\u015fimini 24 saat kapal\u0131 tutmu\u015f, bir di\u011feri izinsiz olarak tehlikeli bir uzay y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapm\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sonradan psikolojik oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan m\u00fcphem yak\u0131nmalar\u0131 (ek\u015fi bir koku, idrar retansiyonu, kalp ritim bozuklu\u011fu vb.<\/em>) y\u00fcz\u00fcnden baz\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015flar yar\u0131da kesilmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri terminolojisinde terk edilmi\u015f olan bu tan\u0131, ICD-10\u2019da nevrasteni, DSM-IV\u2019de kronik yorgunluk sendromu, distimi, major depresif veya uyum bozuklu\u011fu tan\u0131lar\u0131yla k\u0131smen \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir (1,5).<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck problem ki\u015filer aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong>d\u0131r. Bir uzay u\u00e7u\u015funda iki kozmonot 221 g\u00fcn boyunca birbirleriyle hi\u00e7 konu\u015fmam\u0131\u015flar, bir kozmonot da g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne; \u201cbir cinayet i\u00e7in iki ki\u015finin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir h\u00fccreye kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 yeter<\/em>\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (12). Uzayda uzun s\u00fcre birlikte ya\u015fayacak olan m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n psikolojik ve t\u0131bbi sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede birbirlerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak \u00fczere e\u011fitilmesi, gerekti\u011finde video-konferans bi\u00e7iminde psikoterapi seanslar\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131, ekibe doktor kat\u0131lmas\u0131, baz\u0131 ila\u00e7lar\u0131n kaps\u00fclde bulundurulmas\u0131 gibi uygulamalar rutine girmektedir (5,10,11). Uzay ortam\u0131ndaki monotonlu\u011fu gidermede fizik egzersizler ve internette gezinme iyi sonu\u00e7 vermekte, fakat en \u00f6nemli iki antidotun, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc telefonla yap\u0131lan aile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri<\/strong> ve s\u00fcrpriz hediyeler<\/strong> (kitap, film, foto\u011fraf, m\u00fczik kasetleri, yiyecekler) oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir (1).<\/p>\n

Uzun uzay g\u00f6revlerinde bulunan astronot ve kozmonotlarda en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan t\u0131bbi problemler; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fizik travmalar, kalp ritim bozukluklar\u0131, ba\u015fa\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, uykusuzluk ve uzay tutmas\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan ila\u00e7lar s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda uzay tutmas\u0131 ila\u00e7lar\u0131 birinci, hipnotikler ikinci s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Psikiyatrik bozukluklar\u0131n bu listede yer almamas\u0131, uzay adam\u0131 se\u00e7imlerindeki ba\u015far\u0131 ile ilgili olmal\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u015famsal riskin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Antarktika izolasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bile psikiyatrik bozukluklar\u0131n oran\u0131 % 4-5 bulunmu\u015ftur. En az 6 m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve 3 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan Mars yolculuklar\u0131nda psikiyatrik bozukluklar\u0131n \u00e7ok daha fazla g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi olas\u0131d\u0131r (4,5). Zaten uzay ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0131bbi donan\u0131mlar\u0131 aras\u0131na ajite ki\u015filer i\u00e7in tesbit gere\u00e7leri konmas\u0131 da bu ihtimalin ciddiyetinin g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Uzay u\u00e7u\u015fu gibi \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ve yo\u011fun stresler alt\u0131ndaki insan\u0131n psikolojik tepkileri normal, ancak psikiyatrik bozukluklar\u0131 anormal say\u0131l\u0131r (6) ve bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi olas\u0131 ki\u015filer astronot se\u00e7imi a\u015famas\u0131nda elenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn egzotik heyecanlar ya\u015famak i\u00e7in \u015fimdiden uzay otellerinde rezervasyon yapt\u0131ran ki\u015filer vard\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k standartlar\u0131 bile belirlenmi\u015f olup, anksiyete, depresyon, intihar, psikoz ve madde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgular\u0131 i\u00e7in engeller konmu\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r (7).<\/p>\n

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\nSuppl.): C6-9<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131y\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan :<\/strong> Do\u00e7. Dr. Muzaffer \u00c7eting\u00fc\u00e7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Uzay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n teknolojik y\u00f6n\u00fc hep \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek ivmeli bir u\u00e7u\u015fla yer\u00e7ekimsiz bir ortama giden, dar ve kapal\u0131 bir ara\u00e7 i\u00e7inde al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren insan\u0131n maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bedensel ve ruhsal stresler, naif insanlar\u0131 uzay hekimleri kadar kayg\u0131land\u0131rmaz. NASA bile uzay u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131ndaki psikolojik-psikiyatrik sorunlara yeterince \u00f6nem vermedi\u011fini itiraf etmi\u015ftir. Bu tutum, bir taraftan uzay m\u00fchendisli\u011finin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 teknik ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n insan\u0131 g\u00f6lgede […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-946","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bulten"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/946","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=946"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/946\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":948,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/946\/revisions\/948"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=946"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=946"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hvtd.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=946"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}